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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vmireaviz</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник медицинского института «РЕАВИЗ». Реабилитация, Врач и Здоровье</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bulletin of the Medical Institute "REAVIZ" (REHABILITATION, DOCTOR AND HEALTH)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-762X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2782-1579</issn><publisher><publisher-name>РЕАВИЗ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20340/vmi-rvz.2025.3.CLIN.3</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vmireaviz-1214</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Клиническая медицина</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Clinical medicine</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Роль факторов патогенности бактерий рода hacek в развитии инфекционного эндокардита (обзор литературы)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The role of pathogenicity factors of hacek bacteria in the development of infectious endocarditis (literature review)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2639-5501</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гайсин</surname><given-names>Ш. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gaysin</surname><given-names>Sh. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гайсин Шамиль Ильдарович - Специалист Международного образовательного и научного центра кардиоваскулярной патологии и кардиовизуализации Вклад автора: литературный обзор, написание текста статьи.</p><p>ул. Чапаевская, д. 89, г. Самара, 443099</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Shamil' I. Gaysin - Specialist of the International Educational and Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Pathology and Cardiac Imaging Author's contribution: literature review, writing the article.</p><p>Chapaevskaya St., 89, Samara, 443099</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sh.i.gaysin@samsmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5905-1895</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лямин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lyamin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лямин Артем Викторович - Д-р мед. наук, доцент, директор научно-образовательного профессионального центра генетических и лабораторных технологий Вклад автора: научное редактирование текста статьи.</p><p>ул. Чапаевская, д. 89, г. Самара, 443099</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Artem V. Lyamin - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Docent, Director of the Scientific and Educational Professional Center for Genetic and Laboratory Technologies Author's contribution: scientific editing of the article.</p><p>Chapaevskaya St., 89, Samara, 443099</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4283-907X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иссматуллин</surname><given-names>Д. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Issmatullin</surname><given-names>D. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Исматуллин Данир Дамирович - Канд. мед. наук, заведующий лабораторией культуромных и протеомных исследований в микробиологии научно-образовательного профессионального центра генетических и лабораторных технологий Вклад автора: научное редактирование текста статьи.</p><p>ул. Чапаевская, д. 89, г. Самара, 443099</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Danir D. Ismatullin - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Laboratory of Culture and Proteomic Research in Microbiology, Scientific and Educational Professional Center for Genetic and Laboratory Technologies Author's contribution: scientific editing of the article.</p><p>Chapaevskaya St., 89, Samara, 443099</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4689-8904</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Халиулин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khaliulin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Халиулин Алмаз Вадимович - Канд. мед. наук, заведующий лабораторией морфологических и общеклинических исследований научно-образовательного профессионального центра генетических и лабораторных технологий Вклад автора: научное редактирование текста статьи.</p><p>ул. Чапаевская, д. 89, г. Самара, 443099</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Almaz V. Khaliulin - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Laboratory of Morphological and General Clinical Research, Scientific and Educational Professional Center for Genetic and Laboratory Technologies Author's contribution: scientific editing of the article.</p><p>Chapaevskaya St., 89, Samara, 443099</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9384-6854</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Козлов Андрей Владимирович - Канд. мед. наук, заведующий лабораторией молекулярной патологии научно-образовательного профессионального центра генетических и лабораторных технологий Вклад автора: научное редактирование текста статьи</p><p>ул. Чапаевская, д. 89, г. Самара, 443099</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey V. Kozlov - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Scientific and Educational Professional Center for Genetic and Laboratory Technologies Author's contribution: scientific editing of the article.</p><p>Chapaevskaya St., 89, Samara, 443099</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.v.kozlov@samsmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4833-4563</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Германова</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Germanova</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Германова Ольга Андреевна - Д-р мед. наук, директор Международного образовательного и научного центра кардиоваскулярной патологии и кардиовизуализации Вклад автора: научное редактирование текста статьи.</p><p>ул. Чапаевская, д. 89, г. Самара, 443099</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ol'ga A. Germanova - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Director of the International Educational and Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Pathology and Cardiac Imaging Author's contribution: scientific editing of the article.</p><p>Chapaevskaya St., 89, Samara, 443099</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Самарский государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Samara State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>89</fpage><lpage>93</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гайсин Ш.И., Лямин А.В., Иссматуллин Д.Д., Халиулин А.В., Козлов А.В., Германова О.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гайсин Ш.И., Лямин А.В., Иссматуллин Д.Д., Халиулин А.В., Козлов А.В., Германова О.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gaysin S.I., Lyamin A.V., Issmatullin D.D., Khaliulin A.V., Kozlov A.V., Germanova O.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnik.reaviz.ru/jour/article/view/1214">https://vestnik.reaviz.ru/jour/article/view/1214</self-uri><abstract><p>Актуальность. Инфекционный эндокардит, вызванный грамотрицательными микроорганизмами группы HACEK, представляет собой редкую и малоизученную форму заболевания. Бактерии группы HACEK входят в состав нормальной флоры полости рта и верхних дыхательных путей, но при определённых условиях могут вызывать тяжёлые инфекционные осложнения. Понимание механизмов патогенности этих микроорганизмов является ключевым для улучшения диагностики и лечения инфекционного эндокардита. Цель исследования: описание факторов патогенности бактерий группы HACEK и выяснение их роли в возникновении и развитии инфекционного эндокардита путём анализа современной литературы. Материалы и методы. Проведён систематический анализ научной литературы, посвящённой изучению факторов патогенности микроорганизмов группы HACEK (Haemophilus spp., Aggregatibacter spp., Cardiobacterium spp., Eikenella corrodens, Kingella spp.) и их роли в развитии инфекционного эндокардита. Рассмотрены механизмы адгезии, инвазии, образования биопленок и токсинообразования. Результаты. Установлено, что основными факторами патогенности бактерий группы HACEK являются: капсула, защищающая от фагоцитоза; пили IV типа, обеспечивающие адгезию к клеткам эндокарда; способность к образованию биопленок; продукция экзотоксинов (лейкотоксин, цитолетальный растягивающий токсин, RtxA); наличие протеаз и эндотоксинов. Показано, что различные представители группы HACEK имеют разную способность вызывать инфекционный эндокардит: наиболее высокий риск отмечен для Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium и Kingella (23–60% случаев бактериемии), меньший – для Haemophilus и Eikenella (6–14%). Заключение. Изучение факторов патогенности бактерий группы HACEK способствует пониманию механизмов развития инфекционного эндокардита и может помочь в разработке новых методов диагностики, лечения и профилактики заболевания. Особое внимание следует уделять профилактическим мероприятиям у пациентов групп риска, включая соблюдение гигиены полости рта и антибиотикопрофилактику при медицинских процедурах.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background. Infective endocarditis caused by gram-negative microorganisms of the HACEK group represents a rare and poorly studied form of the disease. HACEK group bacteria are part of the normal flora of the oral cavity and upper respiratory tract, but under certain conditions can cause severe infectious complications. Understanding the pathogenicity mechanisms of these microorganisms is key to improving the diagnosis and treatment of infective endocarditis. Objective: to describe the virulence factors of HACEK group bacteria and elucidate their role in the onset and development of infective endocarditis through analysis of current literature. Materials and methods. A systematic analysis of scientific literature devoted to studying the virulence factors of HACEK group microorganisms (Haemophilus spp., Aggregatibacter spp., Cardiobacterium spp., Eikenella corrodens, Kingella spp.) and their role in the development of infective endocarditis was conducted. Mechanisms of adhesion, invasion, biofilm formation, and toxin production were reviewed. Results. It was established that the main virulence factors of HACEK group bacteria include: capsule that protects against phagocytosis; type IV pili that ensure adhesion to endocardial cells; ability to form biofilms; production of exotoxins (leukotoxin, cytolethal distending toxin, RtxA); presence of proteases and endotoxins. It was shown that different representatives of the HACEK group have varying abilities to cause infective endocarditis: the highest risk was noted for Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, and Kingella (23-60% of bacteremia cases), lower risk for Haemophilus and Eikenella (6–14%). Conclusion. Study of virulence factors of HACEK group bacteria contributes to understanding the mechanisms of infective endocarditis development and may help in developing new methods of diagnosis, treatment, and disease prevention. Special attention should be paid to preventive measures in risk group patients, including oral hygiene maintenance and antibiotic prophylaxis during medical procedures.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>инфекционный эндокардит [C01.539.221.500.400]</kwd><kwd>группа HACEK [B03.440.400.425.340]</kwd><kwd>факторы патогенности [D12.776.097.900]</kwd><kwd>грамотрицательные бактерии [B03.440.400]</kwd><kwd>бактериемия [C01.252.410.040.552.386.480.100]</kwd><kwd>адгезия бактерий [G06.099.500.600.299.249]</kwd><kwd>биопленка [A07.231.908.670.120]</kwd><kwd>эндотоксин [D12.776.467.374]</kwd><kwd>капсула бактериальная [A11.284.187.520.100]</kwd><kwd>антибиотикорезистентность [H01.158.273.343.200.200]</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>infective endocarditis / Endocarditis</kwd><kwd>Bacterial [C01.539.221.500.400]</kwd><kwd>HACEK group / HACEK Group Organisms [B03.440.400.425.340]</kwd><kwd>virulence factors [D12.776.097.900]</kwd><kwd>gram-negative bacteria [B03.440.400]</kwd><kwd>bacteremia [C01.252.410.040.552.386.480.100]</kwd><kwd>bacterial adhesion [G06.099.500.600.299.249]</kwd><kwd>biofilm [A07.231.908.670.120]</kwd><kwd>endotoxin [D12.776.467.374]</kwd><kwd>bacterial capsule [A11.284.187.520.100]</kwd><kwd>antibiotic resistance / Drug Resistance</kwd><kwd>Bacterial [H01.158.273.343.200.200]</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">John Camm, Thomas F. 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