<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vmireaviz</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник медицинского института «РЕАВИЗ». Реабилитация, Врач и Здоровье</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bulletin of the Medical Institute "REAVIZ" (REHABILITATION, DOCTOR AND HEALTH)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-762X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2782-1579</issn><publisher><publisher-name>РЕАВИЗ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20340/vmi-rvz.2025.3.MIM.2</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vmireaviz-1236</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Медицинская визуализация</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Medical Imaging</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>МРТ-семиотика дисбарического остеонекроза у водолазов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>MRI-semiotics of dysbaric osteonecrosis in divers</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4049-2861</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Димиев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dimiev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Димиев Виль Венерович Вклад автора: поиск и анализ литературы, интерпретация результатов исследования, их обработка, подготовка иллюстраций, написание текста.</p><p>ул. Академика Лебедева, д. 6, лит. Ж, г. Санкт-Петербург, 194044</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vil' V. Dimiev Author's contribution: literature search and analysis, interpretation of the research results, their processing, preparation of illustrations, writing the text.</p><p>6, Academician Lebedev St., lit. Zh, St. Petersburg, 194044</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vil.dimiev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7383-512X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Железняк</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zheleznyak</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Железняк Игорь Сергеевич - Д-р мед. наук, профессор Вклад автора: поиск и анализ литературы, интерпретация результатов исследования, их обработка, подготовка иллюстраций, написание текста.</p><p>ул. Академика Лебедева, д. 6, лит. Ж, г. Санкт-Петербург, 194044</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor' S. Zheleznyak - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor Author's contribution: literature search and analysis, interpretation of the research results, their processing, preparation of illustrations, writing the text.</p><p>6, Academician Lebedev St., lit. Zh, St. Petersburg, 194044</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">igzh@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8687-9119</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Адаева</surname><given-names>Е. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Adaeva</surname><given-names>E. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Адаева Екатерина Николаевна Вклад автора: поиск и анализ литературы, интерпретация результатов исследования, их обработка, подготовка иллюстраций, написание текста.</p><p>ул. Академика Лебедева, д. 6, лит. Ж, г. Санкт-Петербург, 194044</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina N. Adaeva Author's contribution: literature search and analysis, interpretation of the research results, their processing, preparation of illustrations, writing the text.</p><p>6, Academician Lebedev St., lit. Zh, St. Petersburg, 194044</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">adaevaen@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>216</fpage><lpage>225</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Димиев В.В., Железняк И.С., Адаева Е.Н., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Димиев В.В., Железняк И.С., Адаева Е.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dimiev V.V., Zheleznyak I.S., Adaeva E.N.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnik.reaviz.ru/jour/article/view/1236">https://vestnik.reaviz.ru/jour/article/view/1236</self-uri><abstract><p>Актуальность. Дисбарический остеонекроз — патология костей скелета, развивающаяся на фоне декомпрессионных нарушений у водолазов, подводников, дайверов и кессонных рабочих. Наибольшая частота встречаемости данной патологии наблюдается у дайверов-рыбаков – 50–77%; у коммерческих водолазов она составляет 16–55%, у кессонных рабочих — 25–35%, а у военных водолазов этот показатель существенно ниже – 2–5%. Основными патогенетическими причинами развития дисбарического остеонекроза являются газовая эмболия кровеносных сосудов микроциркуляторного русла пузырьками свободного газа (азота), а также механическое повреждение ими эндотелия капилляров и костного мозга, что приводит к их воспалению, отёку, гиперкоагуляции и компартментсиндрому. Это вызывает нарушение внутрикостного кровотока, развитие ишемии и запуск некротических процессов в тканях кости. Цель исследования: изучить МР-семиотику дисбарического остеонекроза у водолазов. Материалы и методы. Исследования проводили на высокопольных магнитно-резонансных томографах с индукцией магнитного поля 1,5 Тл «Ingenia» (Philips) и «Magnetom Symphony» (Siemens) по стандартным протоколам с получением Т1, Т2 и PD-взвешенных изображений, а также изображений с использованием эффекта подавления сигнала от жировой ткани (FS). Было проведено МРТ-сканирование наиболее часто поражаемых, по данным литературных источников, анатомических областей – плечевые, тазобедренные и коленные суставы с охватом прилегающих к суставам частей диафизов. Оценивались локализация, распространение и тип специфичных патологических изменений, характерных для дисбарического остеонекроза. Всего было обследовано 54 водолаза, которые были разделены на три группы: 1. Водолазы, выполняющие глубоководные водолазные спуски на глубину более 60 м (имеющие дополнительные водолазные квалификации водолазглубоководник и акванавт). 2. Водолазы, выполняющие водолазные спуски на глубину до 60 м. 3. Водолазы, выполняющие водолазные спуски в условиях нормобарии (имеющие дополнительную водолазную квалификацию гидронавт). Результаты. Проведённые МРисследования показали, что дисбарический остеонекроз чаще поражает водолазов-глубоководников и акванавтов, а наличие в анамнезе эпизодов острой декомпрессионной болезни повышает риск его появления. Также подтверждены опубликованные в литературе данные о преимущественной локализации поражений: в головке плечевой кости, метаэпифизах и диафизе бедренной кости. Заключение. На основании результатов исследования можно утверждать, что для водолазов группы риска (осуществляющих глубоководные водолазные спуски и имеющих в анамнезе эпизоды острой декомпрессионной болезни) показан регулярный МРТ-мониторинг костей скелета.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Relevance. Dysbaric osteonecrosis is a pathology of the skeletal bones that develops against the background of decompression disorders in divers, submariners, divers and caisson workers. The highest frequency of this pathology is observed in divers-fishermen (50–77%); in commercial divers it is 16–55%, in caisson workers – 25–35%, and in military divers this figure is significantly lower – 2–5%. The main pathogenetic causes of the development of dysbaric osteonecrosis are gas embolism of blood vessels of the microcirculatory bed by bubbles of free gas (nitrogen), as well as mechanical damage to the endothelium of capillaries and bone marrow, which leads to their inflammation, edema, hypercoagulation and compartment syndrome. This causes a violation of intraosseous blood flow, the development of ischemia and the initiation of necrotic processes in bone tissues. The aim of the study: to study the MR semiotics of dysbaric osteonecrosis in divers. Materials and methods. The studies were conducted on high-field magnetic resonance tomographs with a magnetic field induction of 1.5 T "Ingenia" (Philips) and "Magnetom Symphony" (Siemens) according to standard protocols with obtaining T1, T2 and PD-weighted images, as well as images using the effect of signal suppression from fat tissue (FS). MRI scanning was performed of the most frequently affected, according to literary sources, anatomical areas - shoulder, hip and knee joints, covering the parts of the diaphyses adjacent to the joints. The localization, distribution and type of specific pathological changes characteristic of dysbaric osteonecrosis were assessed. A total of 54 divers were examined, who were divided into 3 groups: 1. Divers performing deep-sea diving descents of more than 60 m (having additional diving qualifications of deep-sea diver and aquanaut). 2. Divers performing diving descents up to 60 m. 3. Divers performing diving descents in normobaric conditions (having an additional diving qualification of hydronaut). Results. The conducted MRI studies have shown that dysbaric osteonecrosis most often affects deep-sea divers and aquanauts, and the presence of episodes of acute decompression sickness in the anamnesis increases the risk of its occurrence. The published data on the predominant localization of lesions: in the head of the humerus, metaepiphyses and diaphysis of the femur have also been confirmed. Conclusion. Based on the results of the study, it can be stated that regular MRI monitoring of the skeletal bones is indicated for divers at risk (performing deep-sea diving descents and having episodes of acute decompression sickness in the anamnesis).</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дисбарический остеонекроз [D010020 (Osteonecrosis)]</kwd><kwd>магнитно-резонансная томография [D008279]</kwd><kwd>водолазы [специфический термин профессии]</kwd><kwd>декомпрессионная болезнь [D003665]</kwd><kwd>семиотика [D020874]</kwd><kwd>остеонекроз [D010020]</kwd><kwd>глубоководные погружения [D004242]</kwd><kwd>газовая эмболия [D004618]</kwd><kwd>гипербарическая медицина [D006992]</kwd><kwd>декомпрессия [D003664]</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>dysbaric osteonecrosis [D010020 (Osteonecrosis)]</kwd><kwd>magnetic resonance Imaging [D008279]</kwd><kwd>divers / [специфический термин профессии]</kwd><kwd>decompression sickness [D003665]</kwd><kwd>semiotics [D020874]</kwd><kwd>osteonecrosis [D010020]</kwd><kwd>deep-sea diving [D004242]</kwd><kwd>air embolism [D004618]</kwd><kwd>hyperbaric medicine [D006992]</kwd><kwd>decompression [D003664].</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Киреева Е.Б., Чумаков А.В., Агафонов П.В., Можина М.Н. Нарушения опорно-двигательного аппарата у водолазного состава военноморского флота. Вестник терапевта. 2024;64(3):37-45. https://doi.org/10.31550/2712-8601-VT-2024-3-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kireeva E.B., Chumakov A.V., Agafonov P.V., Mozhina M.N. Musculoskeletal disorders at diving staff of the navy. Therapist's Bulletin. 2024;64(3):37-45. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.31550/2712-8601-VT-2024-3-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharareh B., Schwarzkopf R. Dysbaric Osteonecrosis: A Literature Review of Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, and Management. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 2015;(25):158. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000093</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharareh B., Schwarzkopf R. Dysbaric Osteonecrosis: A Literature Review of Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, and Management. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 2015;(25):158. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000093</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Крюков Е.В., Киреева Е.Б., Чумаков А.В. и др. Современные диагностические подходы к специфическим костно-суставным изменениям у водолазного состава ВМФ: ретроспективное исследование. Морская медицина. 2023;9(4):51-62. https://doi.org/10.22328/2413-5747-2023-9-4-51-62</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krukov E. V., Kireeva E. B., Chumakov A.V., et al. Modern diagnostic approaches to osteoarticular manifestations in navy diving personnel: retrospective study. Marine Medicine. 2023;9(4):51-62. (In Russ). https://doi.org/10.22328/2413-5747-2023-9-4-51-62</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Popa D., Medak A., Chin W., et al. Dysbaric osteonecrosis (DON) among the artisanal diving fishermen of Yucatan, Mexico. Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine. 2020;50(4):391-398. https://doi.org/10.28920/dhm50.4.391-398</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popa D., Medak A., Chin W., et al. Dysbaric osteonecrosis (DON) among the artisanal diving fishermen of Yucatan, Mexico. Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine. 2020;50(4):391-398. https://doi.org/10.28920/dhm50.4.391-398</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Uguen M., Pougnet R., Uguen A., et al. Dysbaric osteonecrosis among professional divers: A literature review. Undersea &amp; Hyperbaric Medical Society. 2014;41(6):581-589.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uguen M., Pougnet R., Uguen A., et al. Dysbaric osteonecrosis among professional divers: A literature review. Undersea &amp; Hyperbaric Medical Society. 2014;41(6):581-589.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bolte H., Koch A., Tetzlaff K., et al. Detection of dysbaric osteonecrosis in military divers using magnetic resonance imaging. European Radiology. 2005;15(2):368-375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-004-2452-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolte H., Koch A., Tetzlaff K., et al. Detection of dysbaric osteonecrosis in military divers using magnetic resonance imaging. European Radiology. 2005;15(2):368-375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-004-2452-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shinoda S., Hasegawa Y., Kawasaki S., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of osteonecrosis in divers: comparison with plain radiographs. Skeletal Radiology. 1997;26(6):354-359.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shinoda S., Hasegawa Y., Kawasaki S., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of osteonecrosis in divers: comparison with plain radiographs. Skeletal Radiology. 1997;26(6):354-359.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arieli R. Gas micronuclei underlying decompression bubbles may explain the influence of oxygen enriched gases during decompression on bubble formation and endothelial function in self-contained underwater breathing apparatus diving. Croatian Medical Journal. 2019;60(4):388. https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2019.60.388</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arieli R. Gas micronuclei underlying decompression bubbles may explain the influence of oxygen enriched gases during decompression on bubble formation and endothelial function in self-contained underwater breathing apparatus diving. Croatian Medical Journal. 2019;60(4):388. https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2019.60.388</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бялик В.Е., Макаров М.А., Бялик Е.И., и др. Аваскулярный некроз костной ткани: определение, эпидемиология, виды, факторы риска, патогенез заболевания. Аналитический обзор литературы. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2023;61(2):220–235. https://doi.org/10.47360/1995-4484-2023-220-235</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Byalik V.E., Makarov M.A., Byalik E.I., et al. Avascular necrosis of bone tissue: Definition, epidemiology, types, risk factors, pathogenesis of the disease. Analytical review of the literature. Nauchno-prakticheskaya revmatologia. 2023;61(2):220–235 (In Russ). https://doi.org/10.47360/1995-4484-2023-220-235</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gempp E, Louge P, Maistre S. Predictive factors of dysbaric osteonecrosis following musculoskeletal decompression sickness in recreational SCUBA divers. Joint Bone Spine. 2016;83(3):357-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2015.03.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gempp E, Louge P, Maistre S. Predictive factors of dysbaric osteonecrosis following musculoskeletal decompression sickness in recreational SCUBA divers. Joint Bone Spine. 2016;83(3):357-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2015.03.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мясников А.А., Ефиценко Е.В., Зверев Д.П., и др. Хроническая декомпрессионная болезнь и ее диагностика. Вестник Российской Военно-медицинской академии. 2018;20(4):26-31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Myasnikov A.A., Eficenko E.V., Zverev D.P., et al. Chronic decompression sickness and its diagnosis. Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy. 2018;20(4):26-31. (In Russ).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsung-Tai L., Cheng-Chuan H., Yi-Chih H., et al. Utility of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted imaging for detecting changes in the femoral head in divers with hip pain at risk for dysbaric osteonecrosis. Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery. 2022;12(1):43-52. https://doi.org/10.21037/qims-21-148</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsung-Tai L., Cheng-Chuan H., Yi-Chih H., et al. Utility of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and diffusion-weighted imaging for detecting changes in the femoral head in divers with hip pain at risk for dysbaric osteonecrosis. Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery. 2022;12(1):43-52. https://doi.org/10.21037/qims-21-148</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang Y., Cao X., Li X., et al. Accuracy of MRI diagnosis of early osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2018;13(1):167-174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-018-0836-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang Y., Cao X., Li X., et al. Accuracy of MRI diagnosis of early osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2018;13(1):167-174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-018-0836-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">X. Hernigou P., Hernigou J., Scarlat M. Shoulder osteonecrosis: pathogenesis, causes, clinical evaluation, imaging, and classification. Orthopaedic Surgery. 2020;5(12):1340-1349. https://doi.org/10.1111/os.12788</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">X. Hernigou P., Hernigou J., Scarlat M. Shoulder osteonecrosis: pathogenesis, causes, clinical evaluation, imaging, and classification. Orthopaedic Surgery. 2020;5(12):1340-1349. https://doi.org/10.1111/os.12788</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guzman R.A., Maruyama M., Moeinzadeh S., et al. The effect of genetically modified platelet-derived growth factor-BB over-expressing mesenchymal stromal cells during core decompression for steroidassociated osteonecrosis of the femoral head in rabbits. Stem Cell Research and Therapy. 2021;12:503. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-021-02572-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guzman R.A., Maruyama M., Moeinzadeh S., et al. The effect of genetically modified platelet-derived growth factor-BB over-expressing mesenchymal stromal cells during core decompression for steroidassociated osteonecrosis of the femoral head in rabbits. Stem Cell Research and Therapy. 2021;12:503. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-021-02572-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coleman B., Davis F.M. Dysbaric osteonecrosis in technical divers: The new ‘at-risk’ group? Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine. 2020;50(3):295-299. https://doi.org/10.28920/dhm50.3.295-299</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coleman B., Davis F.M. Dysbaric osteonecrosis in technical divers: The new ‘at-risk’ group? Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine. 2020;50(3):295-299. https://doi.org/10.28920/dhm50.3.295-299</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
