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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vmireaviz</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник медицинского института «РЕАВИЗ». Реабилитация, Врач и Здоровье</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bulletin of the Medical Institute "REAVIZ" (REHABILITATION, DOCTOR AND HEALTH)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-762X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2782-1579</issn><publisher><publisher-name>РЕАВИЗ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20340/vmi-rvz.2025.6.CASE.4</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vmireaviz-1352</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЙ СЛУЧАЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL CASE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Криптококковый менингоэнцефалит у пациента с ВИЧ-инфекцией: критический анализ диагностики и лечения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in a patient with HIV infection: critical analysis of diagnosis and treatment</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6955-1025</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Круглов</surname><given-names>Е. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kruglov</surname><given-names>E. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Круглов Егор Евгеньевич. Канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры клинической медицины; старший научный сотрудник</p><p>ул. Чапаевская, д. 227, г. Самара, 443001</p><p>ул. Лесопарковая, д. 4, г. Санкт- Петербург, 195043</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Egor E. Kruglov. Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor of the Department of Clinical Medicine; Senior Researcher</p><p>Chapaevskaya St., 227, Samara, 443001</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">krugegr@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5646-6203</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Круглова</surname><given-names>Д. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kruglova</surname><given-names>D. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Круглова Дарья Дмитриевна. Врач-инфекционист приёмно-диагностического отделения обособленного подразделения «Инфекционная больница»</p><p>ул. Кизиярская, д. 55/1, г. Мелитополь, 272318</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dar'ya D. Kruglova. Infectious disease specialist at the admission and diagnostic department of the separate department «Infectious Hospital»</p><p>Kiziyarskaya St., 55/1, Melitopol, 272318</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dasha-ddb@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3960-830X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жестков</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhestkov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жестков Александр Викторович. Д-р. мед. наук, профессор, заслуженный деятель науки Российской Федерации, заведующий кафедрой клинической медицины</p><p>ул. Чапаевская, д. 227, г. Самара, 443001</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr V. Zhestkov. Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Head of the Department of Clinical Medicine</p><p>Chapaevskaya St., 227, Samara, 443001</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">avzhestkov2015@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Медицинский университет «Реавиз»; Государственный научно-исследовательский испытательный институт военной медицины<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Medical University "Reaviz"; State Scientific Research Testing Institute of Military Medicine<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Мелитопольская областная больница<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Melitopol Regional Hospital<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Медицинский университет «Реавиз»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Medical University "Reaviz"<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>6</issue><elocation-id>200–216</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Круглов Е.Е., Круглова Д.Д., Жестков А.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Круглов Е.Е., Круглова Д.Д., Жестков А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kruglov E.E., Kruglova D.D., Zhestkov A.V.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnik.reaviz.ru/jour/article/view/1352">https://vestnik.reaviz.ru/jour/article/view/1352</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Криптококковый менингит остаётся одной из наиболее летальных оппортунистических инфекций у пациентов с ВИЧ с показателями смертности от 30% до 75% в зависимости от географического региона и своевременности начала терапии. Своевременная диагностика затруднена из-за неспецифической клинической картины и отсутствия классических менингеальных знаков у большинства пациентов, что требует высокой настороженности клиницистов при ведении больных с глубокой иммуносупрессией.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: провести проспективный анализ клинического случая криптококкового менингоэнцефалита у пациента с глубокой иммуносупрессией на фоне ВИЧ-инфекции с критической оценкой диагностических и терапевтических подходов, выявлением системных проблем и формулированием практических рекомендаций по предотвращению подобных случаев в будущем.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Проведён детальный ретроспективный анализ медицинской документации пациента мужского пола 46 лет с ВИЧ-инфекцией в стадии 4Б, получавшего антиретровирусную терапию. Пациент поступил в региональный инфекционный стационар с жалобами на цефалгию, лихорадку и нарушение сознания. Выполнено комплексное лабораторно-инструментальное обследование, включавшее четыре люмбальные пункции с исследованием спинномозговой жидкости, магнитно-резонансную и компьютерную томографию головного мозга, иммунологические исследования. Проведены консультации смежных специалистов, включая телемедицинскую консультацию федерального центра.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Несмотря на комплексное обследование и проводимое лечение, включавшее антимикотическую терапию, пациент скончался через 27 дней от момента госпитализации вследствие прогрессирующего отёка головного мозга на фоне криптококкового менингоэнцефалита. Диагноз криптококковой инфекции был подтверждён только при третьей люмбальной пункции, что привело к задержке специфической терапии на 19 дней. Выявлены критические недостатки в ведении пациента, включая субоптимальное дозирование противогрибковых препаратов и отсутствие применения амфотерицина В – препарата первой линии терапии криптококкового менингита.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Данный клинический случай убедительно демонстрирует необходимость внедрения рутинного скрининга на криптококковый антиген у пациентов с уровнем CD4+ лимфоцитов менее 100 клеток/мкл, проведения повторных исследований ликвора при отрицательных первичных результатах в условиях сохраняющейся высокой клинической подозрительности, а также строгого соблюдения рекомендуемых доз антимикотических препаратов с первых дней подозрения на криптококковую инфекцию. Критический анализ ошибок в диагностике и лечении позволяет сформулировать конкретные практические рекомендации для улучшения исходов у этой крайне уязвимой группы пациентов. </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Cryptococcal meningitis remains one of the most lethal opportunistic infections in patients with HIV, with mortality rates ranging from 30% to 75% depending on geographic region and timeliness of treatment initiation. Timely diagnosis is challenging due to nonspecific clinical presentation and absence of classic meningeal signs in the majority of patients, requiring high clinical suspicion when managing patients with profound immunosuppression.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. To conduct a prospective analysis of a clinical case of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in a patient with profound immunosuppression due to HIV infection, with critical evaluation of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, identification of systemic problems, and formulation of practical recommendations to prevent similar cases in the future.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. A detailed retrospective analysis of medical documentation was performed for a 46-year-old male patient with HIV infection stage 4B receiving antiretroviral therapy. The patient was admitted to a regional infectious disease hospital with complaints of cephalgia, fever, and altered consciousness. Comprehensive laboratory and instrumental examination was performed, including four lumbar punctures with cerebrospinal fluid analysis, magnetic resonance and computed tomography of the brain, and immunological studies. Consultations with related specialists were conducted, including telemedicine consultation with a federal center.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Despite comprehensive examination and ongoing treatment including antimycotic therapy, the patient died 27 days after admission due to progressive cerebral edema secondary to cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. The diagnosis of cryptococcal infection was confirmed only at the third lumbar puncture, resulting in a 19-day delay in specific therapy. Critical deficiencies in patient management were identified, including suboptimal dosing of antifungal agents and absence of amphotericin B administration—the first-line drug for cryptococcal meningitis treatment.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. This clinical case convincingly demonstrates the necessity of implementing routine screening for cryptococcal antigen in patients with CD4+ lymphocyte counts below 100 cells/μL, performing repeat cerebrospinal fluid examinations when initial results are negative in the setting of persistent high clinical suspicion, and strict adherence to recommended doses of antimycotic agents from the first days of suspected cryptococcal infection. Critical analysis of diagnostic and therapeutic errors enables formulation of specific practical recommendations for improving outcomes in this extremely vulnerable patient population. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ВИЧ-инфекция [D015658]</kwd><kwd>криптококковый менингит [D016919]</kwd><kwd>иммуносупрессия [D016867]</kwd><kwd>антимикотическая терапия [D000935]</kwd><kwd>диагностические ошибки [D003951]</kwd><kwd>летальный исход [D017809]</kwd><kwd>клинический случай [D002363]</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>HIV Infections [D015658]</kwd><kwd>meningitis</kwd><kwd>cryptococcal [D016919]</kwd><kwd>immunocompromised host [D016867]</kwd><kwd>antifungal agents [D000935]</kwd><kwd>diagnostic errors [D003951]</kwd><kwd>fatal outcome [D017809]</kwd><kwd>case reports / PT [D002363]</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. 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