<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vmireaviz</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник медицинского института «РЕАВИЗ». Реабилитация, Врач и Здоровье</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bulletin of the Medical Institute "REAVIZ" (REHABILITATION, DOCTOR AND HEALTH)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-762X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2782-1579</issn><publisher><publisher-name>РЕАВИЗ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20340/vmi-rvz.2026.1.CLIN.5</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vmireaviz-1489</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Клиническая медицина</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Clinical medicine</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Комплексное лечение хилоторакса различной этиологии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Comprehensive treatment of chylothorax of various etiologies</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7088-8645</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Владимирова</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vladimirova</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владимирова Елизавета Семеновна, Д-р мед. наук, научный консультант отделения неотложной хирургии, эндоскопии и интенсивной терапии</p><p>Большая Сухаревская пл., д. 3, г. Москва, 129090, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elizaveta S. Vladimirova, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Scientific consultant of the Department of Emergency Surgery</p><p>Bolshaya Sukharevskaya Square, 3, Moscow, 129090, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">VladimirovaES@sklif.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1159-5367</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черноусов</surname><given-names>Ф. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernousov</surname><given-names>F. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Черноусов Фёдор Александрович, Д-р мед. наук, профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник отделениянеотложной хирургии, эндоскопии и интенсивной терапии</p><p>Большая Сухаревская пл., д. 3, г. Москва, 129090, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Fedor A. Chernousov, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Senior Researcher at the Department of Emergency Surgery</p><p>Bolshaya Sukharevskaya Square, 3, Moscow, 129090, Russia </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ChernousovFA@sklif.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7838-4890</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Котаджян</surname><given-names>В. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kotandzhyan</surname><given-names>V. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Котаджян Вазген Гагиевич, Д-р мед. наук, заведующий торакоабдоминальным отделением</p><p> Большая Сухаревская пл., д. 3, г. Москва, 129090, Россия </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vazgen G. Kotandzhyan, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Scientific Department of Combined and Multiple Trauma</p><p>Bolshaya Sukharevskaya Square, 3, Moscow, 129090, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">KotanjianVG@sklif.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3255-2339</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вильк</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vil'k</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вильк Алексей Павлович, Врач-хирург отделения неотложной хирургии, эндоскопии и интенсивной терапии</p><p>Большая Сухаревская пл., д. 3, г. Москва, 129090, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksey P. Vil'k, Surgeon in the Department of Emergency Surgery, Endoscopy, and Intensive Care</p><p>Bolshaya Sukharevskaya Square, 3, Moscow, 129090, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">VilkAP@sklif.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5989-5505</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ибабов</surname><given-names>И. У.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ibabov</surname><given-names>I. U.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ибабов Ибрагим Улугбиевич, Младший научный сотрудник отделения неотложной хирургии, эндоскопии и интенсивной терапии</p><p> Большая Сухаревская пл., д. 3, г. Москва, 129090, Россия </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ibragim U. Ibabov, Junior Researcher, Department of Emergency Surgery, Endoscopy, and Intensive Care</p><p>Bolshaya Sukharevskaya Square, 3, Moscow, 129090, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">IbabovIU@sklif.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2690-7378</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бармина</surname><given-names>Т. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Barmina</surname><given-names>T. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бармина Татьяна Генадьевна, Канд. мед. наук, старший научный сотрудник отделения лучевой диагностики</p><p>Большая Сухаревская пл., д. 3, г. Москва, 129090, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana G. Barmina, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Senior Research at the Department of Radiation Diagnostics</p><p>Bolshaya Sukharevskaya Square, 3, Moscow, 129090, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">BarminaTG@sklif.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский институт скорой помощи им. Н.В. Склифосовского</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.V. Sklifosovsky Scientific Research Institute of Emergency Medicine</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>46</fpage><lpage>55</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Владимирова Е.С., Черноусов Ф.А., Котаджян В.Г., Вильк А.П., Ибабов И.У., Бармина Т.Г., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Владимирова Е.С., Черноусов Ф.А., Котаджян В.Г., Вильк А.П., Ибабов И.У., Бармина Т.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vladimirova E.S., Chernousov F.A., Kotandzhyan V.G., Vil'k A.P., Ibabov I.U., Barmina T.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnik.reaviz.ru/jour/article/view/1489">https://vestnik.reaviz.ru/jour/article/view/1489</self-uri><abstract><p>Актуальность. Лечение хилоторакса у пациентов во многом зависит от причины заболевания. В одних случаях это связано с нарушением целости неизменённого лимфатического протока (при травме, оперативных вмешательствах), в других – с венозной и лимфатической гипертензией (в случаях врождённой патологии сердца, пороков развития лимфатических протоков, сердечных заболеваниях, наличия онкологического процесса). Основной целью консервативного лечения является уменьшение тока хилуса через грудной проток для обеспечения самостоятельной резорбции, снижение системной лимфопродукции за счёт диеты (сухоедение, голод, приём препаратов соматостатин/октреотид, мидодрин и сиролимус, парентеральное питание), восполнение потерь питательных веществ, дренирование плевральной полости, использование плевродеза (тальк, блеомицин, тетрациклин, повидон, гипертонический раствор глюкозы), профилактика инфекционных осложнений, устранение основной причины хилоторакса. В случае неэффективности проводимой консервативной терапии и сохранения хилоторакса 1000 мл и более проводится оперативное лечение (видеоассистированная торакоскопия, клиппирование или перевязка грудного лимфатического протока). Цель: определение поэтапного плана комплексного лечения пациентов с хилотораксом разной этиологии. Материал и методы. В исследование включен 21 пациент с хилотораксом различной этиологии (экстренно поступившие (17) и переведённые (4) из других стационаров), госпитализированный в торакальное отделение. Результаты. Лечение хилоторакса зависит от основной причины, индивидуальных проявлений течения и интенсивности поступления хилюса. В ряде случаев нетравматического хилоторакса для выявления причины использовали ВТС и биопсию. Консервативное лечение было основано на дренировании плевры, включало низкожировую диету, трансфузионную терапию, введение соматостатина/октреотида, сиролимус. Основной целью являлось снижение продукции хилуса за счёт снижения абсорбции жира и предотвращения недоедания. Нутритивные вмешательства включали полное парентеральное питание или энтеральные диеты. При неэффективности лечения хилоторакса нетравматического генеза и послеоперационном травматическом хилотораксе выполняли ВТС + КЛП (при необходимости выполняли плевродез, плеврэктомию независимо от этиологии, т.к. не всегда удаётся полностью купировать хилорею). Уменьшение истечения хилюса обеспечивает самостоятельную резорбцию, а в случаях венозной и лимфатической гипертензии, обусловленной сердечной недостаточностью или онкопатологией, требуется проведение дополнительного специфического лечения. Заключение. Определение тактики лечения хилоторакса основано на этиопатогенезе, интенсивности лимфоистечения с использованием поэтапного плана лечения, от наименее инвазивных методов к более инвазивным. Злокачественные новообразования, хронический хилезный выпот, осложнённый ТЭЛА, сердечными заболеваниями, несмотря на проведённый комплекс, направленный на снижение объёма хилоторакса, включая ВТС и КЛП, нуждаются в проведении дополнительной специфической терапии. Травматический хилоторакс (послеоперационный) в большинстве случаев, наряду с консервативным ведением, требует проведения ВТС и клипирования протока, а в ряде случаев с дополнением плевродеза, в то время как при обычной механической травме и нормальном давлении в лимфатическом протоке достаточно консервативное ведение.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Relevance. Treatment of chylothorax in patients depends largely on the underlying cause. In some cases, it is associated with disruption of the intact lymphatic duct (due to trauma or surgery), while in others, it is due to venous and lymphatic hypertension (in cases of congenital heart disease, lymphatic duct malformations, heart disease, and cancer). The main goal of conservative treatment is to reduce the flow of chyle through the thoracic duct to ensure spontaneous resorption, reduce systemic lymph production through diet (dry food, fasting, somatostatin/octreotide, midodrine, and sirolimus, parenteral nutrition), replenish nutrient losses, drain the pleural cavity, and use pleurodesis (talc, bleomycin, tetracycline, povidone, hypertonic glucose solution). This treatment is aimed at eliminating the underlying cause of chylothorax. If conservative therapy is ineffective and the chylothorax persists at 1000 ml or more, surgical treatment is performed (video-assisted thoracoscopy, clipping, or ligation of the thoracic duct). Goal: to develop a step-by-step plan for the comprehensive treatment of patients with chylothorax of various etiologies. Material and Methods. The study included 21 patients with chylothorax of various etiologies (emergency admissions (17) and transfers (4) from other hospitals) admitted to the thoracic department. Results. Treatment of chylothorax depends on the underlying cause, individual manifestations, and the intensity of chyle production. In some cases of non-traumatic chylothorax, pulmonary bypass grafting and biopsy were used to identify the cause. Conservative treatment was based on pleural drainage and included a low-fat diet, transfusion therapy, somatostatin/octreotide, and sirolimus. The primary goal was to reduce chyle production by decreasing fat absorption and preventing malnutrition. Nutritional interventions included total parenteral nutrition or enteral diets. In cases of ineffective non-traumatic chemotherapy and postoperative traumatic chemotherapy, VTS + CLP were performed (pleurodesis and pleurectomy were performed if necessary, regardless of the etiology, as it is not always possible to completely relieve chylorrhea). Reducing chyle leakage ensures spontaneous resorption, and in cases of venous and lymphatic hypertension due to heart failure or oncologic pathology, additional specific treatment is required. Conclusion. The treatment strategy for chemotherapy is determined based on the etiopathogenesis and intensity of lymph leakage, using a step-by-step treatment plan, from the least invasive to the most invasive methods. Malignant neoplasms, chronic chylous effusion complicated by pulmonary embolism, and cardiac disease, despite the complex treatment aimed at reducing chylothorax volume, including VTS and CLP, require additional specific therapy. Traumatic chemotherapy (postoperative). In most cases, along with conservative management, chylothorax requires vascular thoracic surgery and duct clipping, and in some cases, pleurodesis is also needed. Conversely, with typical mechanical trauma and normal lymphatic duct pressure, conservative management is sufficient.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хилоторакс [D002780]</kwd><kwd>грудной лимфатический проток [D013902]</kwd><kwd>плевральный выпот [D010995]</kwd><kwd>видеоассистированная торакоскопия [D013926]</kwd><kwd>плевродез [D010998]</kwd><kwd>соматостатин [D013201]</kwd><kwd>октреотид [D009794]</kwd><kwd>сиролимус [D020123]</kwd><kwd>парентеральное питание [D010258]</kwd><kwd>лимфатическая система [D008200]</kwd><kwd>травма грудной клетки [D013747]</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chylothorax [D002780]</kwd><kwd>thoracic duct [D013902]</kwd><kwd>pleural effusion [D010995]</kwd><kwd>thoracoscopy</kwd><kwd>video-assisted [D013926]</kwd><kwd>pleurodesis [D010998]</kwd><kwd>somatostatin [D013201]</kwd><kwd>octreotide [D009794]</kwd><kwd>sirolimus [D020123]</kwd><kwd>parenteral nutrition [D010258]</kwd><kwd>lymphatic system [D008200]</kwd><kwd>thoracic injuries [D013747]</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhatnagar M, Fisher A, Ramsaroop S, Carter A, Pippard B. Chylothorax: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management-a comprehensive review. J Thorac Dis. 2024;16(2):1645-1661. PMID: 38505027 https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd-23-1636</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhatnagar M, Fisher A, Ramsaroop S, Carter A, Pippard B. Chylothorax: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management-a comprehensive review. J Thorac Dis. 2024;16(2):1645-1661. PMID: 38505027 https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd-23-1636</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rudrappa M, Paul M. Chylothorax. 2024 Jul 28. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan–. PMID: 29083798</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rudrappa M, Paul M. Chylothorax. 2024 Jul 28. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan–. PMID: 29083798</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cholet C, Delalandre C, Monnier-Cholley L, Le Pimpec-Barthes F, El Mouhadi S, Arrivé L. Nontraumatic Chylothorax: Nonenhanced MR Lymphography. Radiographics. 2020;40(6):1554-1573. PMID: 33001788 https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2020200044</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cholet C, Delalandre C, Monnier-Cholley L, Le Pimpec-Barthes F, El Mouhadi S, Arrivé L. Nontraumatic Chylothorax: Nonenhanced MR Lymphography. Radiographics. 2020;40(6):1554-1573. PMID: 33001788 https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2020200044</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Varona Porres D, Persiva O, Pallisa E, Sansano I. Diagnostic imaging in spontaneous rupture of a thoracic duct cyst in the mediastinum. Radiologia. 2016;58(6):491-495. PMID: 27117300 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rx.2016.03.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Varona Porres D, Persiva O, Pallisa E, Sansano I. Diagnostic imaging in spontaneous rupture of a thoracic duct cyst in the mediastinum. Radiologia. 2016;58(6):491-495. PMID: 27117300 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rx.2016.03.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Касьянова Н.Ю., Аракелян В.С., Малинин А.А., Гидаспов Н.А., Бокерия Л.А. Медикаментозное лечение хилоторакса. Физиологические аспекты. Клиническая физиология кровообращения. 2016;13(2):85-92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kasyanova N.Yu., Arakelian V.S., Malinin A.A., Gidaspov N.A., Bokeria L.A. Drug treatment of chylothorax. Physiological aspects. Clinical physiology of blood circulation. 2016;13(2):85-92. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Паршин В.Д., Паршин В.В., Мирзоян О.С. Хилоторакс после операций на сердце и крупных сосудах. Кардиология и сердечно-сосудистая хирургия. 2016;9(3):66-71. https://doi.org/10.17116/kardio20169366-71</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parshin V.D., Parshin V.V., Mirzoyan O.S. Chylothorax after operations on the heart and large vessels. Cardiology and cardiovascular surgery. 2016;9(3):66-71. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17116/kardio20169366-71</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бокерия Л.А., Касьянова Н.Ю., Малинин А.А. Методы и результаты лечения послеоперационного хилоторакса и хилоперикарда в грудной и сердечно-сосудистой хирургии. Грудная и сердечно-сосудистая хирургия. 2016;58(1):4-13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bokeria L.A., Kasyanova N.Yu., Malinin A.A. Methods and results of treatment of postoperative chylothorax and chylopericardium in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. Thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 2016;58(1):4-13. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Riley LE, Ataya A. Clinical approach and review of causes of a chylothorax. Respir Med. 2019;157:7-13. PMID: 31454675 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2019.08.014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Riley LE, Ataya A. Clinical approach and review of causes of a chylothorax. Respir Med. 2019;157:7-13. PMID: 31454675 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2019.08.014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Макарова М.А., Баймаканова Г.Е., Красовский С.А. Дифференциальная диагностика хилоторакса в терапевтической практике. Терапевтический архив. 2021;93(3): 320–326. https://doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2021.03.200658</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makarova MA, Baimakanova GE, Krasovsky SA. Differential diagnosis of chylothorax in therapeutic practice. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh). 2021;93(3):320–326. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2021.03.200658</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McGrath E, Blades Z, Anderson P. Chylothorax: aetiology, diagnosisand therapeutic options. Respir Med. 2010;104(1):1-8. PMID: 19766473 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2009.08.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McGrath E, Blades Z, Anderson P. Chylothorax: aetiology, diagnosisand therapeutic options. Respir Med. 2010;104(1):1-8. PMID: 19766473 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2009.08.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harvey C, Shin H, Martin S, Perea L. Traumatic chylothorax following blunt thoracic trauma. Trauma Case Rep. 2024;54:101101. PMID: 39324065 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcr.2024.101101</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harvey C, Shin H, Martin S, Perea L. Traumatic chylothorax following blunt thoracic trauma. Trauma Case Rep. 2024;54:101101. PMID: 39324065 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcr.2024.101101</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cherian S, Umerah OM, Tufail M, Panchal RK. Chylothorax in a patient with HIV-related Kaposi's sarcoma. BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12(1):e227641. PMID: 30674495 https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-227641</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cherian S, Umerah OM, Tufail M, Panchal RK. Chylothorax in a patient with HIV-related Kaposi's sarcoma. BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12(1):e227641. PMID: 30674495 https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-227641</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yamagata Y, Saito K, Hirano K, Oya M. Laparoscopic Transhiatal Thoracic Duct Ligation for Chylothorax after Esophagectomy. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2019;67(7):606-609. PMID: 30669171 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1677507</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yamagata Y, Saito K, Hirano K, Oya M. Laparoscopic Transhiatal Thoracic Duct Ligation for Chylothorax after Esophagectomy. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2019;67(7):606-609. PMID: 30669171 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1677507</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hayashi K, Hanaoka J, Ohshio Y, Igarashi T. Chylothorax secondary to a pleuroperitoneal communication and chylous ascites after pancreatic resection. J Surg Case Rep. 2019;2019(1):rjy364. PMID: 30697412 https://doi.org/10.1093/jscr/rjy364</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hayashi K, Hanaoka J, Ohshio Y, Igarashi T. Chylothorax secondary to a pleuroperitoneal communication and chylous ascites after pancreatic resection. J Surg Case Rep. 2019;2019(1):rjy364. PMID: 30697412 https://doi.org/10.1093/jscr/rjy364</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agrawal A, Chaddha U, Kaul V, Desai A, Gillaspie E, Maldonado F. Multidisciplinary Management of Chylothorax. Chest. 2022;162(6):1402-1412. PMID: 35738344 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2022.06.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agrawal A, Chaddha U, Kaul V, Desai A, Gillaspie E, Maldonado F. Multidisciplinary Management of Chylothorax. Chest. 2022;162(6):1402-1412. PMID: 35738344 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2022.06.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doerr C, Allen M, Nichols F, Ryu J. Etiology of chylothorax in 203 patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005;80(7):867-870. PMID: 16007891 https://doi.org/10.4065/80.7.867</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doerr C, Allen M, Nichols F, Ryu J. Etiology of chylothorax in 203 patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005;80(7):867-870. PMID: 16007891 https://doi.org/10.4065/80.7.867</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Галлямов Э.А., Романихин А.И., Никулин А.В., Малофей А.М., Дидуев Г.И., Сурков А.И. Хирургические аспекты лечения хилоторакса (клинические наблюдения и обзор литературы). Хирургическая практика. 2022;4(45):61-69. https://doi.org/10.38181/2223-2427-2022-4-61-69</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gallyamov E.A., Romanikhin A.I., Nikulin A.V., Malofei A.M., Diduev G.I., Surkov A.I. SURGICAL ASPECTS OF THE TREATMENT OF CHYLOTHORAX (CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS AND LITERATURE REVIEW). Surgical practice (Russia). 2022;(4):61-69. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.38181/2223-2427-2022-4-61-69</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maldonado F, Hawkins FJ, Daniels CE, Doerr CH, Decker PA, Ryu JH. Pleural fluid characteristics of chylothorax. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84(2):129–133. PMID: 19181646 https://doi.org/10.4065/84.2.129</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maldonado F, Hawkins FJ, Daniels CE, Doerr CH, Decker PA, Ryu JH. Pleural fluid characteristics of chylothorax. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84(2):129–133. PMID: 19181646 https://doi.org/10.4065/84.2.129</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McGrath EE, Blades Z, Anderson PB. Chylothorax: aetiology, diagnosis and therapeutic options. Respir Med. 2010;104(1):1-8. PMID: 19766473 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2009.08.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McGrath EE, Blades Z, Anderson PB. Chylothorax: aetiology, diagnosis and therapeutic options. Respir Med. 2010;104(1):1-8. PMID: 19766473 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2009.08.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Phang K, Bowman M, Phillips A, Windsor J. Review of thoracic duct anatomical variations and clinical implications. Clin Anat. 2014;27(4):637-644. PMID: 24302465 https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.22337</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Phang K, Bowman M, Phillips A, Windsor J. Review of thoracic duct anatomical variations and clinical implications. Clin Anat. 2014;27(4):637-644. PMID: 24302465 https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.22337</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huggins JT. Chylothorax and cholesterol pleural effusion. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;31(6):743-750. PMID: 21213206 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1269834</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huggins JT. Chylothorax and cholesterol pleural effusion. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;31(6):743-750. PMID: 21213206 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1269834</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шапкин А.А., Ефименко И.В. Хилоторакс в хирургической практике: диагностика и лечение. Фундаментальная и клиническая медицина. 2016;1(1):69-72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shapkin A.A., Efimenko I.V. Chylothorax in surgical practice: diagnosis and treatment. Fundamental and clinical medicine. 2016;1(1):69-72. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agrawal A, Chaddha U, Kaul V, Desai A, Gillaspie E, Maldonado F. Multidisciplinary Management of Chylothorax. Chest. 2022;162(6):1402-1412. PMID: 35738344 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2022.06.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agrawal A, Chaddha U, Kaul V, Desai A, Gillaspie E, Maldonado F. Multidisciplinary Management of Chylothorax. Chest. 2022;162(6):1402-1412. PMID: 35738344 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2022.06.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Expert Panel on Vascular Imaging and Interventional Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria(®) Chylothorax Treatment Planning. J Am Coll Radiol. 2017;14(5S):S118-126. PMID: 28473067 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2017.02.025</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Expert Panel on Vascular Imaging and Interventional Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria(®) Chylothorax Treatment Planning. J Am Coll Radiol. 2017;14(5S):S118-126. PMID: 28473067 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2017.02.025</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee EW, Shin JH, Ko HK, Park J, Kim SH, Sung KB. Lymphangiography to treat postoperative lymphatic leakage: a technical review. Korean J Radiol. 2014;15(6):724-732. PMID: 25469083 https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2014.15.6.724</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee EW, Shin JH, Ko HK, Park J, Kim SH, Sung KB. Lymphangiography to treat postoperative lymphatic leakage: a technical review. Korean J Radiol. 2014;15(6):724-732. PMID: 25469083 https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2014.15.6.724</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cope C, Salem R, Kaiser LR. Management of chylothorax by percutaneous catheterization and embolization of the thoracic duct: prospective trial. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1999;10(9):1248–1254. PMID: 10527204 https://doi.org/10.1016/s1051-0443(99)70227-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cope C, Salem R, Kaiser LR. Management of chylothorax by percutaneous catheterization and embolization of the thoracic duct: prospective trial. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1999;10(9):1248–1254. PMID: 10527204 https://doi.org/10.1016/s1051-0443(99)70227-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kasaeian A, Hoffman T, Rad MG, Wynne D, Léon D. Percutaneous stenting as treatment for chylothorax from superior vena cava syndrome: A case report. SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2025;13:2050313X251340792. PMID: 40375966 https://doi.org/10.1177/2050313X251340792 eCollection 2025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kasaeian A, Hoffman T, Rad MG, Wynne D, Léon D. Percutaneous stenting as treatment for chylothorax from superior vena cava syndrome: A case report. SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2025;13:2050313X251340792. PMID: 40375966 https://doi.org/10.1177/2050313X251340792 eCollection 2025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Машимбаев Е.К., Малинин А.А. Этиопатогенез и диагностические аспекты послеоперационного хилоторакса в сердечно-сосудистой хирургии. Анналы хирургии. 2012;(1):10-14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mashimbaev E.K., Malinin A.A. Etiopathogenesis and diagnostic aspects of postoperative chylothorax in cardiovascular surgery. Annals of Surgery. 2012;(1):10–14. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Talwar A, Lee HJ. A Contemporary Review of Chylothorax. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 2008;50(4):343-351. PMID: 19035053</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Talwar A, Lee HJ. A Contemporary Review of Chylothorax. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 2008;50(4):343-351. PMID: 19035053</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Егунов О.А., Подоксенов А.Ю., Лежнев А.А., Янулевич О.С, Ершова Н.В., Кривощеков Е.В. Лечение хилоторакса после билатерального двунаправленного кавопульмонального анастомоза. Хирургия. Журнал им. Н.И. Пирогова. 2018;(1):68-71.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Egunov O.A., Podoksenov A.Yu., Lezhnev A.A., Yanulevich O.S., Ershova N.V., Krivoshchekov E.V. Treatment of chylothorax after bilateral bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis. Surgery. Journal named after N.I. Pirogov. 2018;(1):68-71. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bender B, Murthy V, Chamberlain RS. The changing management of chylothorax in the modern era. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2016;49(1):18-24. PMID: 25732972 https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezv041</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bender B, Murthy V, Chamberlain RS. The changing management of chylothorax in the modern era. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2016;49(1):18-24. PMID: 25732972 https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezv041</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duletzke NT, Kiraly LN, Martindale RG. Chylothorax and chylous ascites: Overview, management, and nutrition. Nutr Clin Pract. 2023;38(3):557-563. PMID: 36938719 https://doi.org/10.1002/ncp.10973</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duletzke NT, Kiraly LN, Martindale RG. Chylothorax and chylous ascites: Overview, management, and nutrition. Nutr Clin Pract. 2023;38(3):557-563. PMID: 36938719 https://doi.org/10.1002/ncp.10973</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McGrath EE, Blades Z, Anderson PB. Chylothorax: aetiology, diagnosis and therapeutic options. Respir Med. 2010;104(1):1-8. PMID: 19766473 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2009.08.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McGrath EE, Blades Z, Anderson PB. Chylothorax: aetiology, diagnosis and therapeutic options. Respir Med. 2010;104(1):1-8. PMID: 19766473 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2009.08.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nair SK, Petko M, Hayward MP. Aetiology and management of chylothorax in adults. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007;32(2):362-369. PMID: 17580118 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2007.04.024</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nair SK, Petko M, Hayward MP. Aetiology and management of chylothorax in adults. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007;32(2):362-369. PMID: 17580118 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2007.04.024</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rizzardi G, Loy M, Marulli G, Rea F. Persistent chylothorax in lymphangioleiomyomatosis treated by intrapleural instillation of povidone. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2008;34(1):214-215. PMID: 18455413 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.03.050</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rizzardi G, Loy M, Marulli G, Rea F. Persistent chylothorax in lymphangioleiomyomatosis treated by intrapleural instillation of povidone. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2008;34(1):214-215. PMID: 18455413 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.03.050</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jianjun Q, Song Z, Yin L, Jia Z, Donglei L. Treatment of chylothorax with elemene. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;56(2):103-105. PMID: 18278686 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-965708</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jianjun Q, Song Z, Yin L, Jia Z, Donglei L. Treatment of chylothorax with elemene. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;56(2):103-105. PMID: 18278686 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-965708</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang K, Li C, Zhang M, Li Y. Treatment of Chylothorax complicating pulmonary resection with hypertonic glucose Pleurodesis. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2021;16(1):149. PMID: 34049583 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13019-021-01462-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang K, Li C, Zhang M, Li Y. Treatment of Chylothorax complicating pulmonary resection with hypertonic glucose Pleurodesis. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2021;16(1):149. PMID: 34049583 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13019-021-01462-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Armas-Villalba AJ, Jimenez CA. Chylothorax. Clin Chest Med. 2025;46(2):251-260. PMID: 40484500 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2025.02.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Armas-Villalba AJ, Jimenez CA. Chylothorax. Clin Chest Med. 2025;46(2):251-260. PMID: 40484500 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2025.02.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marts BC, Naunheim KS, Fiore AC, Pennington DG. Conservative versus surgical management of chylothorax. Am J Surg. 1992;164(5):532-534; discussion 534-535. PMID: 1443383 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9610(05)81195-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marts BC, Naunheim KS, Fiore AC, Pennington DG. Conservative versus surgical management of chylothorax. Am J Surg. 1992;164(5):532-534; discussion 534-535. PMID: 1443383 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9610(05)81195-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schild HH, Strassburg CP, Welz A, Kalff J. Treatment options in patients with chylothorax. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013;110(48):819-826. PMID: 24333368 https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2013.0819</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schild HH, Strassburg CP, Welz A, Kalff J. Treatment options in patients with chylothorax. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013;110(48):819-826. PMID: 24333368 https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2013.0819</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bryant AS, Minnich DJ, Wei B, Cerfolio RJ. The incidence and management of postoperative chylothorax after pulmonary resection and thoracic mediastinal lymph node dissection. Ann Thorac Surg 2014;98(1):232-235; discussion 235-237. PMID: 24811982 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.03.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bryant AS, Minnich DJ, Wei B, Cerfolio RJ. The incidence and management of postoperative chylothorax after pulmonary resection and thoracic mediastinal lymph node dissection. Ann Thorac Surg 2014;98(1):232-235; discussion 235-237. PMID: 24811982 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.03.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Power R, Smyth P, Donlon NE, Nugent T, Donohoe CL, Reynolds JV. Management of chyle leaks following esophageal resection: a systematic review. Dis Esophagus. 2021;34(11):doab012. PMID: 33723611 https://doi.org/10.1093/dote/doab012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Power R, Smyth P, Donlon NE, Nugent T, Donohoe CL, Reynolds JV. Management of chyle leaks following esophageal resection: a systematic review. Dis Esophagus. 2021;34(11):doab012. PMID: 33723611 https://doi.org/10.1093/dote/doab012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Macfarlane JR, Holman CW. Chylothorax. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1972;105(2):287-291. PMID: 5066693 https://doi.org/10.1164/arrd.1972.105.2.287</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Macfarlane JR, Holman CW. Chylothorax. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1972;105(2):287-291. PMID: 5066693 https://doi.org/10.1164/arrd.1972.105.2.287</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
