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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vmireaviz</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник медицинского института «РЕАВИЗ». Реабилитация, Врач и Здоровье</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bulletin of the Medical Institute "REAVIZ" (REHABILITATION, DOCTOR AND HEALTH)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-762X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2782-1579</issn><publisher><publisher-name>РЕАВИЗ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20340/vmi-rvz.2021.4.MORPH.3</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vmireaviz-279</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Морфология, патология</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Morphology, pathology</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Молекулярно-генетические механизмы сигнального каскада RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK, связанные с развитием опухолевого процесса и назначением таргетных препаратов при колоректальном раке</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Molecular-genetic mechanisms of the signal cascade RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK associated with the development of the tumor process and the purpose of targeted drugs for colorectal cancer</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9779-5708</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тороповский</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Toropovsky</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тороповский Андрей Николаевич, кандидат медицинских наук, генеральный директор</p><p>Ульяновск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ulyanovsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">director@testgen.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8055-1958</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Павлова</surname><given-names>О. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pavlova</surname><given-names>O. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Павлова Ольга Николаевна, доктор биологических наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой физиологии с курсом безопасности жизнедеятельности и медицины катастроф; профессор кафедры морфологии и патологии</p><p>Самара</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Samara</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4012-875X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Викторов</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Viktorov</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Викторов Денис Александрович, кандидат биологических наук, заведующий научно-исследовательской лабораторией</p><p>Ульяновск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ulyanovsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">viktorov@testgen.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9762-3383</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никитин</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikitin</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Никитин Алексей Георгиевич, кандидат биологических наук, заведующий лабораторией генетики</p><p>Ульяновск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ulyanovsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nsg@testgen.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Инновационная компания ООО «ТестГен»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Innovation company TestGen LLC</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Самарский государственный медицинский университет;&#13;
Медицинский университет «Реавиз»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Samara State Medical University;&#13;
Medical University "Reaviz"</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>07</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>25</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Тороповский А.Н., Павлова О.Н., Викторов Д.А., Никитин А.Г., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тороповский А.Н., Павлова О.Н., Викторов Д.А., Никитин А.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Toropovsky A.N., Pavlova O.N., Viktorov D.A., Nikitin A.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnik.reaviz.ru/jour/article/view/279">https://vestnik.reaviz.ru/jour/article/view/279</self-uri><abstract><p>Колоректальный рак занимает одну из лидирующих позиций в мире в структуре онкологической заболеваемости. Процессы жизнедеятельности раковых клеток во многом зависят от продукции ростовых факторов и их рецепторов. Одним из таковых является эпидермальный фактор роста (EGFR), представляющий собой тирозин-киназный рецептор мембран клеток. В норме связывание лигандов EGFR и трансформирующего фактора роста альфа (TGFα) индуцирует активацию рецепторов, что запускает ERK и PI3K сигнальные пути, контролирующие клеточную пролиферацию, миграцию, инвазию и множество других процессов. Установлено, что в 80 % случаев колоректальный рак возникает в результате гиперэкспрессии EGFR, которая приводит к усиленному росту и делению клеток опухоли вследствие гиперактивации RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK сигнального каскада. Каскад RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK является путем, который регулирует клеточную пролиферацию, клеточный цикл и миграцию клетки. При развитии рака у человека мутации семейства RAS/RAF наиболее часто являются причиной нарушения регуляции трансдукции сигнала через этот путь. Согласно современным данным около трети всех злокачественных новообразований ассоциированы с мутациями в генах семейства RAS, которые включают в себя HRAS, KRAS, NRAS, RRAS и другие гомологичные белки. Белки семейства RAS принимают участие в активации сигнальных путей тирозин-киназы, что приводит к мутации генов. Этот процесс определяет пролиферативную активность, способность к дифференцировке, метастазирование, уход от апоптоза, индукцию ангиогенеза. Постоянная активация RAS ведет к злокачественному перерождению клеток. Таким образом, экспрессия и мутация гена EGFR связаны с различными вариантами прогрессирования опухоли и неблагоприятным прогнозом при злокачественных новообразованиях различных локализаций. За последние десятилетия достигнуты значительные успехи в лечении метастатического колоректального рака. Однако расширение спектра эффективных противоопухолевых препаратов формирует и ряд сложностей при выборе оптимальных схем лекарственной терапии у пациентов с метастазами колоректального рака.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Colorectal cancer occupies one of the leading positions in the world in the structure of cancer incidence. The vital processes of cancer cells largely depend on the production of growth factors and their receptors. One of these is epidermal growth factor (EGFR), which is a tyrosine kinase receptor for cell membranes. Normally, binding of EGFR ligands and transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα) induces receptor activation, which triggers ERK and PI3K signaling pathways that control cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and many other processes. It was found that in 80% of cases, colorectal cancer occurs as a result of EGFR overexpression, which leads to increased growth and division of tumor cells due to hyperactivation of the RAS-RAF-MEKERK signaling cascade. The RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK cascade is a pathway that regulates cell proliferation, cell cycle, and cell migration. In the development of human cancer, mutations of the RAS/RAF family are most often the cause of dysregulation of signal transduction through this pathway. According to current data, about a third of all malignant neoplasms are associated with mutations in the genes of the RAS family, which include HRAS, KRAS, NRAS, RRAS, and other homologous proteins. Proteins of the RAS family are involved in the activation of tyrosine kinase signaling pathways, which leads to gene mutations. This process determines proliferative activity, ability to differentiate, metastasis, avoidance of apoptosis, induction of angiogenesis. Permanent RAS activation leads to malignant cell degeneration. Thus, the expression and mutation of the EGFR gene are associated with various variants of tumor progression and poor prognosis in malignant neoplasms of various localizations. Over the past decades, significant advances have been made in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. However, the expansion of the spectrum of effective anticancer drugs also creates a number of difficulties in choosing the optimal drug therapy regimens in patients with metastases of colorectal cancer.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>колоректальный рак</kwd><kwd>рак толстой и прямой кишки</kwd><kwd>метастазированный колоректальный рак</kwd><kwd>EGFR</kwd><kwd>HRAS</kwd><kwd>KRAS</kwd><kwd>NRAS</kwd><kwd>RRAS</kwd><kwd>RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK сигнальный каскад</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>colorectal cancer</kwd><kwd>colon and rectal cancer</kwd><kwd>metastatic colorectal cancer</kwd><kwd>EGFR</kwd><kwd>HRAS</kwd><kwd>KRAS</kwd><kwd>NRAS</kwd><kwd>RRAS</kwd><kwd>RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signal stage</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проводилось без спонсорской поддержки.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This research received no external funding.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zemlyanoy VP, Trofimova TN, Nepomniachtchi SL, Dementieva TV. 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