Risk factors for cholelithiasis (literature review)

Relevance. Cholelithiasis is a multifactorial disease, which is characterized by the formation of concretions in the gallbladder. Currently, cholelithiasis is one of the most common diseases in the practice of a general practitioner, gastroenterologist, surgeon. The study and identification among the population of the factors of development of this pathology contributes to earlier diagnosis, treatment of gallstone disease, prevention.

The aim of the study is to improve the results of diagnostics and treatment of patients with GI by revealing the risk factors of development and allocation of risk groups for this pathology. Materials and methods: review of modern foreign and domestic literature on modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors of cholelithiasis, their participation in pathogenesis.

Results. Among modifiable development factors the most important for the development of cholelithiasis the following should be emphasized: excessive body weight, forced weight loss, low physical activity, bad habits, hormone therapy.

Conclusions. The most significant risk factors for the development of cholelithiasis have been identified. Special attention was paid to the consideration of hypodynamia, obesity, bad habits, drugs, neuroendocrine dysfunction on the probability of GI. An association between various diseases (type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Crohn's disease) and the presence of concrements in the gallbladder has been found. It is established that various risk factors can influence on pathogenesis of cholelithiasis that is reflected on clinical picture of the disease depending on their specificity and influence on the organism.

1. 1 Vakhrushev Ia.M., Khokhlacheva N.A, Suchkova E.V. et al. The significance of the study of physical and chemical properties of bile in the early diagnosis of cholelithiasis. The Russian Archives of Internal Medicine. 2014; (6): 48-51. (In Russ). https://doi.org/10.20514/2226-6704-2014-0-6-48-51

2. 2 Minushkin O.N., Burdina E.G., Novozhyonova E.V. Biliary sludge. Epidemiology, risk factors, formation, diagnosis, treatment approaches. Medicinskij alfavit. 2017;2(19):5-8. (In Russ.).

3. 3 Sakhabetdinov B.A., Kurbangaleev A.I., Sakhabetdinova K.N. et al. Diagnostics of choledocholithiasis. Literature review. Innova. 2024;10(2):46-56. (In Russ.)

4. 4 Sakhabetdinov B.A., Kurbangaleev A.I., Sakhabetdinova K.N. Antegrade choledochoscopy at laparoscopic cholecystectomy - a method of diagnostics and treatment of papillostenosis. Bulletin of Medical Institute “REAVIZ”: rehabilitation, doctor and health. 2024;14(2):60-66. https://doi.org/10.20340/vmi-rvz.2024.2.CLIN.3.(In Russ.)

5. 5 Petukhov V.A. Gallstone disease and syndrome of disturbed digestion. Moscow: Vedi. 2003:125. (In Russ.)

6. 6 Vakhrushev Y.M., Gorbunov A.Y. Cholelithiasis morbidity in the Udmurt Republic Modern problems of science and education. 2013;6:132. (In Russ.)

7. 7 Bessonov P.P., Bessonova N.G., Savvina I.D., Sofronova A.A. Prevalence of gallstone disease in rural residents of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in 2021 and 2004. Modern problems of science and education. 2022;6(1):143. (In Russ.)

8. 8 Malcolm A Lyons, Henning Wittenburg Cholesterol Gallstone Susceptibility Loci: A Mouse Map, Candidate Gene Evaluation, and Guide to Human LITH Genes. Gastroenterology. 2006;131(6):1943-1970. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2006.10.024

9. 9 Agostino Di Ciaula, David Q-H Wang, Piero Portincasa An update on the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstone disease. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 2018;34(2):71-80.

10. 10 Rolando B Ceddia, Heikki A Koistinen, Juleen R Zierath, Gary Sweeney Analysis of paradoxical observations on the association between leptin and insulin resistance. Faseb J. 2002;16:1163–1176.

11. 11 Neimark A.E., Mehtiev S.N., Kornyushin O.V., Berko O.M. The problem of biliary stone disease development in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Moscow Surgical Journal. 2023:19-28. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17238/2072-3180-2023-19-28

12. 12 Ilchenko A.A., Delukina O.V. Clinical significance of biliary sludge. Consilium medicum. 2005. 2: 28-32. (In Russ.)

13. 13 Xu L.N., Wang X., Zou S.Q. Effect of histone deacetylase inhibitor on proliferation of biliary tract cancer cell lines. World J. Gastroenterol. 2008;14(16):2578-2581.

14. 14 Guriev D.A., Volevach L.V. Detection of various forms of biliary sludge in the gallbladder in pregnant women. Russian journal of gastroenterology, hepatology, coloproctology. 2008;18(5) appendix № 32 (materials of the fourteenth Russian Gastroenterological Week, October 6-8, 2008):114.(In Russ.)

15. 15 Marshall H.U., Einarsson C. Gallstone disase. J. Int. Med. 2007;261:529-542.

16. 16 Johanna Laukkarinen, Juhani Sand, Rauni Saaristo, Jorma Salmi, Väinö Turjanmaa, Pentti Vehkalahti, Isto Nordback Is bile flow reduced in patients with hypothyroidism? Surgery. 2003;133:288-293.

17. 17 Dagfinn Aune, Lars J Vatten, Paolo Boffetta Tobacco smoking and the risk of gallbladder disease European Journal of Epidemiology. 2016;31(7):643–653.

18. 18 Ahmed F, Baloch Q, Memon ZA, Ali I. An observational study on the association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome with gall stone disease requiring cholecystectomy. Annals of Medicine and Surgery. 2017;17:7-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2017.03.015

19. 19 Cherkashchenko N.A., Livzan M.A., Gaus O.V., Krolevets T.S. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cholelithiasis: accidental or regular combination? Gastroenterology. Surgery. Intensive therapy. Consilium Medicum. 2019;3:40-44. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.26442/26583739.2019.3.190489

20. 20 Tereshchenko I.V., Kamenskikh Ya.A., Kaiushev P.E. The concurrence of diabetes mellitus and gallstone disease. Therapeutic Archive. 2015;87(10):105-109. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/terarkh20158710105-109

21. 21 Mohammed Ali Gameil, Elshahat Ali Ahmed Mohamed Yousef , Rehab Elsayed Marzouk, Mohamed H Emara, Abeer H Abdelkader, Rasha Ibrahim Salama The relative risk of clinically relevant cholelithiasis among glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, real-world study Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome. 2024;16:293.

22. 22 Grigorieva G.A., Meshalkina N.Y. Hepatobiliary lesions in Crohn's disease and methods of their conservative treatment Experimental and clinical gastroenterology. 2013;6:3-6. (In Russ.)

23. 23 Yan Gong, Yishu He, Mengting Wan, Hong Chen Risk Factors for Gallstones in Crohn's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2024;69:4187–4202.

24. 24 Scragg R.K. et al. Oral contraceptives, pregnancy, and endogenous oestrogen in gall stone disease a case control study. British Medical Journal. 1984;288:1795–1799.

25. 25 Cuzzolin L., Oggiano A., Clemente M., Locci C., Antonucci L., Antonucci R. Ceftriaxone - associated biliary pseudolithiasis in children: do we know enough? Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology 2021;35(1):40–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/fcp.12577

26. 26 van Erpecum K.J., van Berge Henegouwen G.P. Intestinal aspects of cholesterol gallstone formation. Digestive and Liver Disease. 2003;35(3):S8-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1590-8658(03)00086-0

27. 27 Munnich A, Feingold J. Book Review: The Genetic Basis of Common Diseases New England Journal of Medicine 2003;349(4):410. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm200307243490423

28. 28 Ivanchenkova R.A., At'kova E.R. Gallstone disease and gallbladder cholesterosis: different diseases or different manifestations of a single process? Experimental and clinical gastroenterology. 2011;4:92-97. (In Russ.)

29. 29 Liu Z., Liu S., Song P. and Jiao Y. Mendelian randomization study on the causal relationship between food and cholelithiasis. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2024;11:1276497. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1276497

30. 30 Rukosuyeva Т.V. Microbiological aspects of gallstone disease and its inflammatory complications. Byulleten’ VSNC SO RAMN. Irkutsk. 2011;4(80) part 2: 325-329. (In Russ.)

31. 31 de Vree, J. M., Jacquemin E., Sturm E. Mutations in the MDR3 gene cause progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1998;95:282-287.

32. 32 Grigorieva I.N., Romanova T.I. Basic risk factors and quality of life in patients with cholelithiasis. Experimental and clinical gastroenterology. 2011;4:21-25. (In Russ.)

33. 33 Lazebnik L.B. Diseases of digestive organs in the elderly. Moscow: Anaharsis. 2003:185. (In Russ.)

34. 34 Akatsu T. et al. Primary undifferentiated spindle-cell carcinoma of the gallbladder presenting as a liver tumor. J. Gastroenterol. 2005;40(10):993-998.

35. 35 Caruso M.G., Giangrande M., Clemente C. et al. Lipidi sierici e sabbia biliare durante la gravidanza [Serum lipids and biliary sludge during pregnancy]. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 1993;39(2):67–70.

36. 36 Mirodzhova S.G. Influence of pregnancy on the chemical composition of bile and functional state of the gallbladder. Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology. 2001;11(5) Supplement No. 15 (materials of the Seventh Russian Gastroenterological Week, October 29-November 2, 2001, Moscow):94. (In Russ.)

37. 37 Nikitin Y.P., Grigorieva I.N. Female sex hormones and some other factors in the pathogenesis of cholelithiasis. Therapeutic Archive. 2005;2:89-92. (In Russ.)