Epidemiological features of acral melanoma in a large industrial region (Samara region)

Relevance. Acral melanoma of the skin is a rare subtype of melanoma, accounting for approximately 3% of all melanoma cases, with unique histological, biological, and epidemiological characteristics. It is more common in individuals of Asian and African descent, characterized by late diagnosis and high malignancy, making its study crucial for improving screening and treatment, particularly in industrially developed regions.

Objective. To investigate the characteristics of acral melanoma of the skin in a large industrial region (Samara Region) by analyzing the dynamics of incidence, mortality, and comparison with melanomas of other localizations.

Materials and Methods. A retrospective analysis was conducted on data from 218 patients with acral melanoma (localization: palms, soles, fingers, nail bed, dorsal surfaces of hands and feet) diagnosed and treated in the Samara Region from 2000 to 2022. Statistical methods included calculation of absolute and relative indicators, crude incidence and mortality rates per 100,000 population, trend analysis (linear and polynomial approximation), and comparison with general skin melanoma data.

Results. The absolute number of acral melanoma cases increased from 65 (2000–2010) to 153 (2011–2021), with a growth rate of 135.38% (compared to 39.41% for other melanomas). Crude incidence rates ranged from 0.06 to 0.3 per 100,000 populations (compared to 5.17–8.36 for other melanomas). Acral melanoma accounted for 3.01–4.98% of all melanoma cases. Mortality increased (linear trend y=0.025x + 0.0204; R²=0.5501). The male-to-female ratio of cases was 1:2.53, and for deaths, 1:1.81, indicating a more aggressive course in women.

Conclusions. Acral melanoma is a distinct subtype with a high growth rate in incidence and mortality, necessitating specialized screening programs. The findings are extrapolatable to the Russian Federation, highlighting the need for further research.

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