Рецидив косолапости: эпидемиология, причины, способы коррекции

Актуальность. Врождённая косолапость является одной из наиболее распространённых деформаций опорно-двигательного аппарата у детей, встречаясь с частотой 0,6–1,5 случая на 1000 живорождённых. Несмотря на высокую эффективность метода Понсети, частота рецидивов достигает 40%, что представляет серьёзную проблему детской ортопедии.

Цель исследования — обобщить и систематизировать современные данные об эпидемиологии, факторах риска развития врождённой косолапости и способах коррекции её рецидива.

Материалы и методы. Проведён поиск и анализ публикаций в базах данных E-library и PubMed по ключевым словам «рецидив косолапости», «clubfoot relapse» за период 1964–2025 гг. В описательный обзор включены 83 актуальных клинических исследования, отчёта и систематических обзора.

Результаты. Установлено, что распространённость косолапости варьирует в зависимости от географического региона (от 0,51 до 2,03 на 1000 живорождённых) и этнической принадлежности. Частота рецидивов после лечения методом Понсети составляет 10–30%, после хирургического лечения — 20–50%. Ведущими факторами риска рецидива являются: несоблюдение режима ношения брейсов (повышает риск в 5,4 раза), высокий исходный балл по шкале Пирани, возраст начала лечения старше 3 месяцев, двусторонняя косолапость. Представлен алгоритм выбора метода коррекции рецидива в зависимости от возраста пациента и характера деформации: от повторного гипсования по Понсети до сложных реконструктивных вмешательств (транспозиция сухожилий, остеотомии, артродезы).

Заключение. Рецидивы косолапости остаются актуальной проблемой, требующей мультидисциплинарного подхода. Ключевыми факторами профилактики являются строгое соблюдение протокола ношения ортезов и регулярное наблюдение. При развитии рецидива выбор метода лечения должен быть индивидуализирован с учётом возраста пациента, тяжести деформации и предшествующего лечения. Необходимы дальнейшие исследования для стандартизации критериев диагностики рецидивов и разработки инновационных методов лечения.

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