In countries in Europe and America with a predominance of Christians in the population, there is a higher level of organ donation. Although the issue of post mortem donation is not mentioned in the Holy Scriptures, the idea of selfless sacrifice is entirely in keeping with the Christian spirit. The Roman Catholic Church was the first to recognize organ donation and transplantation as morally acceptable and indicated that it encourages organ donation.

The purpose of the work was to analyze the views set forth in the official documents of the Roman Catholic Church on the issues of ethics in organ donation and transplantation.

Materials and methods. The provisions of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, the Epistles of the Popes of Rome, the Code of Canon Law and other ethical documents on the acceptability of the technology of organ transplantation and postmortem donation, the principle of the presumption of consent, the legitimacy of the declaration of brain death, the condemnation of organ trafficking, the inadmissibility of discrimination in the allocation of organs, the admissibility of transplantation from living donors, donation from infants with anencephaly, xenotransplantation are analyzed.

Conclusion. The presented work testifies to the fact that the Catholic position on organ donation and transplantation is well and deeply developed, based on respect for the dignity of a person and his right to choose, the encouragement of the voluntary act of donating one's organs as a gift extending beyond the border of life and death.

Relevance. The structural features of the collagen skeleton, including constitutional ones, suggest the ability of the menisci to withstand excessive mechanical stress and injury.

Purpose – to study the differences in the collagen skeleton of the knee menisci in male corpses of different types of sexual dimorphism according to J. Tanner.

Materials and methods. The menisci of the knee joints (medial and lateral) from the corpses of 84 men aged 22–74 years of different types of sexual dimorphism according to J. Tanner were studied. Microslides of the menisci at the level of the body, anterior and posterior horns, stained according to the method of K. Masson, were made. The location is described and the percentage of collagen fibers of the fibrous cartilage of the menisci of the knee joints with surrounding formations per unit area of unchanged cartilage tissue at the level of the horns and body of the menisci is calculated.

Results. The collagen fibers of the body of both menisci of men are located in parallel, forming the central, upper and lower middle and superficial layers. In the horns, collagen fibers are located chaotically, which leads to “smoothing” of the boundaries. A minimal amount of collagen was found in the central layer of both horns and the body of the meniscus compared to the superficial layers. The maximum values of the percentage of collagen in the central layer are characteristic of the body, the minimum – for the posterior horn of the menisci. Low percentages of collagen in the dorsal horn are due to the andromorphic type.

Conclusion. The andromorphic type of sexual dimorphism according to J. Tanner in men is a predisposition factor to damage to the menisci of the knee joints.

This article discusses the linear dimensions of the liver measured by ultrasound. A great place in the work is occupied by the search for the correlation dependence of the quantitative parameters of the liver depending on age, height, body mass index in 83 healthy women of Samara aged 18 to 66 years. Patients are divided into groups according to each criterion. The study revealed the relationship between body mass index and the size of the right and left lobes of the liver. At the same time, there was a tendency to decrease the thickness of the right lobe and the cranio-caudal size of the left lobe, as well as an increase in the thickness of the left and caudate lobes with age. It was determined that in women, with an increase in body mass index, the oblique-vertical size, thickness of the right and lobe of the liver increases and the cranio-caudal size of the left lobe of the liver decreases. The dependence of the quantitative parameters of the liver on age was also determined.

Taking into account social, psychological and physiological factors, the labor impact on the human body with disabilities requires the activation of adaptive mechanisms, which in this category has features related to the specifics of the state of health.

The purpose of the work is to identify the features of the dynamics of psychophysiological adaptation in disabled people in the course of work.

Materials and methods. Hart rate variability indicators, socio-psychological adaptation and stress sensitivity of 130 disabled people were monitored before and after completing work practice at the Center Labor Rehabilitation and Habilitation.

Results. The analysis of data depending on the group, category of disability, gender, age and disabling disease revealed the features of adaptive activity of each group of the study, as well as threshold values of psychoemotional indicators relative to the tension of regulatory systems.

Adaptive potential is an important indicator of the efficiency of the cardiovascular system. A possible cause of tension in adaptation processes may be situational anxiety, while the question of predictors of its occurrence and its impact on the cognitive abilities of medical students remains incompletely studied.

Purpose of the work: to study the relationship between indicators of adaptation of the cardiovascular system and the level of situational anxiety, as well as to analyze individual parameters of attention and social intelligence among second-year medical university students.

Object and methods. The study assessed the state of the cardiovascular system, the level of situational anxiety, the level of development of social intelligence and the level of attention in 22 students of both sexes. Results. Adaptation potential is 8.56±0.354 points, which indicates unsatisfactory adaptation of students. Analysis of the index of functional changes showed a satisfactory state of adaptation mechanisms, while 27% of students noted tension in the adaptation mechanisms of the cardiovascular system, which may indicate an excessive influence of stress factors on the functional capabilities of the body. In addition, correlations were identified between: IFI and the level of situational anxiety, situational anxiety and the level of development of social intelligence, and between the indicator of situational anxiety and the duration of work with Schulte tables.

Conclusions. The study made it possible to assess the state of students’ adaptation mechanisms and identify the reason for the tension of these mechanisms – the development of anxiety states.

Relevance. Total endoprosthetics is a one of the most common operation for knee pathology. A major complication of joint replacement surgery is periprosthetic infection (PPI). In this work, we looked at the mid-term clinical outcomes of using spacers coated with linear chain carbon doped with silver ions (LC-Ag+) to treat PJI.

Object and methods. The mid-term clinical results of 31 patients with LUP-Ag+ coated spacers were compared to 31 control patients groups utilizing tests of the functional and clinical scales KSS, visual analogue pain scale (VAS), EQVAS, and EQ-5D-5L 2 years following surgery.

Results. According to the clinical questionnaire, the LC-Ag+ group's mid-term outcomes were statistically better than the control group's for clinical KSS 90 vs. 69 points (p = 0.002) and functional KSS – 75.5 vs. 65 points (p = 0.005), VAS – 1.6 vs. 4.2 points (p < 0.001), EQVAS – 95 vs. 72.5 points (p < 0.001), EQ-5D-5L – 0.84 vs. 0.59 points (p = 0.008), respectively.

Conclusions. The combination LC-Ag+ coating increases the mid-term effects of PPI treatment.

Relevance. The subtle cavovarus foot is a mild malalignment caused by either primary hindfoot varus or a plantarflexed first ray, resulting in a typical constellation of symptoms because of altered foot mechanics. The etiology of idiopathic cavus foot is usually unknown and is not associated with neurological pathology, it is believed that about 25% of the population have a mild grade of cavus foot deformity.

Aim: review the Russian and international scientific literature on the treatment of idiopathic cavus foot and to integrate the collected material.

Materials and methods: analysis of modern scientific literature on the topic of treatment of idiopathic cavus foot, the research base was the Pubmed website.

Results. It was found that there is a lack of sufficient understanding of the etiology, diagnostic methods and treatment guidelines for idiopathic cavus foot.

Conclusions: Idiopathic cavus foot is often the cause of such pathologies as lateral ankle instability, stress fracture of the fifth metatarsal, peroneal tendinopathy. Understanding the biomechanics of this deformity, which determines the course of other foot diseases, can improve the results of conservative and surgical treatment of patients.

In patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), it is difficult to identify the infarct‐related artery.

Purpose – to identify the infarct- related artery (IRA) in patients with NSTEMI using the method of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and comparison with X-ray coronary angiography.

Object and methods. 86 patients with NSTEMI of both sexes were examined. All patients underwent a standard 12-lead ECG at admission. Coronary angiography and CMR were used to detect IRA. In the blood serum, lipid profile indicators, troponin T concentration, and creatine kinase-MB activity were determined. The average age of the patients was 62.8±5.8 years, body mass index – 28.0±3.53 kg/m2. Men made up 73.3%. Multivessel lesion was observed in 38.4% of cases. Burdened heredity for coronary artery disease occurred in 39.5% of patients. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia were noted by 66.3%, 18.6% and 37.2% of patients, respectively. ECG changes were detected in 83.7% of patients.

Results. According to coronary angiography data, IRA was detected in 62.8% and was not detected in 37.2% of patients; the left descending artery was the most common by localization (42.6%). According to CMR, an infarct-related artery was detected in 80.2% of patients. The probability of identifying IRA using CMP was OR=2.405 (95% CI 1.209-4.784, p ˂ 0.05). The infarct-related artery in patients with 3-vessel disease was more often detected using CMR (64.7%). Of the 32 patients who failed to detect IRA by coronary angiography, 13 patients had multivessel atherosclerotic disease. These patients had an area of hyperenhanced myocardium.

Conclusion. Main results: 1) coronary angiography did not reveal an infarct-related artery in 37.2% of patients with NSTEMI, and in 19.8% of patients with cardiovascular magnetic resonance; 2) a significant probability of identifying an infarct-associated artery occurred on cardiovascular magnetic resonance (OR=2.405, 95% CI 1.209-4.784, p ˂ 0.05). The results of the study may be relevant for NSTEMI patients with high-risk criteria.

Relevance. Fractures of the diaphysis of the humerus account for 1–5% of the total number of traumatic skeletal injuries and 20% of the number of humerus injuries. At the same time, in modern society there is no tendency to reduce traumatism, therefore, the number of surgical interventions aimed at restoring the integrity of the bone does not decrease. Over the decades, approaches to tactics and choice of drugs for correction of defects for fusion and restoration of motor function of the limb have been changing. Physicians from different countries have tried to use both auto- and allografts, with the results they achieved significantly increasing the chances of survival of the transplanted material. The multitude of studies conducted in different countries only confirms their high relevance, which makes the task of pseudarthrosis treatment one of the most important, but at the same time one of the most difficult in traumatology and orthopedics injuries.

Objective. To study the application of bone autotransplantation for the treatment of false joints of the diaphysis of the humerus diaphysis.

Materials and methods. A review of the literature sources published in the last 5 years on the problem of application of bone autografting methods for false joints of the humerus diaphysis was carried out.

Results. Disruption of the process of humerus fusion and formation of a false joint make surgical intervention inevitable, and the results of treatment directly depend on the determination of the correct indications for a certain type of surgical intervention and competent implementation of the treatment plan. The chosen treatment tactics allow successful restoration of the anatomy and function of the damaged segment. There are many different methods of surgical treatment of false joints. The main purpose of bone-plastic materials application in traumatology and orthopedics is optimization of reparative osteogenesis.

Conclusion. Over the last decades, clinical practice has changed many approaches to the tactics and choice of therapeutic means to restore bone integrity, as well as to restore the supporting and motor functions of the traumatized limb. Analysis of the data obtained from the literature has shown that the best results in the treatment of false joints of the humerus diaphysis were demonstrated by the techniques combining the use of bone autoplasty and additional metal structures.

The article discusses the possibilities of functional diagnostics of the respiratory function of the lungs in patients with bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Functional diagnostic methods such as capnometry, spirometry, assessment of lung diffusivity and multiple breath nitrogen washout can be used not only to assess airway dysfunction, but also to monitor the course of the disease. There is a need for further development of methods for studying the respiratory function of the lungs and, if possible, their introduction into everyday clinical practice. The purpose of this review was the possibility of diagnostic tests to assess the ventilation and gas exchange function of the lungs in patients with bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancer that occurs in both men and women. This tumor is the leading cause of death from cancer, accounting for 18.4% of the total number of deaths. Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for 85% of all cases. Within its framework, adenocarcinoma (30-45%) and squamous cell carcinoma (25-40%) are most often found. Approximately 20% of patients living in the Russian Federation and suffering from non-small cell lung cancer have EGFR gene mutations. EGFR signaling pathways play an important role in the development of malignant tumors. They regulate cell cycle progression, influence apoptosis, stimulate the formation of new blood vessels and enhance the motility of cancer cells and their ability to metastasize. An in-depth understanding of the fundamental biology of rare EGFR mutations will help identify dependencies specific to these mutations. This knowledge can be used to develop therapeutic approaches targeting specific EGFR mutations and their impact on various pathologies. The results of these studies may help develop more precise and effective treatments that will specifically target specific EGFR mutations and their impact on various diseases.

Relevance. Liver transplantation involves reconstruction of several vascular structures. Portal reconstruction presents many difficulties due to the frequent intraoperative detection of thrombosis. Portal vein thrombosis is a condition caused by stagnation of blood flow, vascular injury, or hypercoagulability, leading to partial or complete occlusion of the portal vein. The prevalence of thrombosis ranges from 2.1 to 23.3% among liver transplant candidates without hepatocellular cancer. According to autopsy data, the incidence of thrombosis in liver cirrhosis is 6– 64%.

Purpose: to analyze a case of portal vein thrombosis in a patient with two preliminary attempts to install transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stents and their thrombosis.

Materials and methods: a clinical case of thrombosis of the stent and portal vein in a 53-year-old patient with decompensated liver cirrhosis as a result of viral hepatitis C with portal hypertension. The peculiarity of this case is that after double transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stenting, thrombosis of the venous vein was detected only intraoperatively. A liver transplant was performed; the functionality of the graft was not impaired.

Conclusion. This case illustrates the need for future research on the topic of portal vein thrombosis and techniques for identifying it preoperatively.

The article presents a clinical observation of the successful treatment of a patient with acute primary myocardial infarction against the background of occlusion of the anterior descending artery without generally accepted, with these volumes of lesions, clinical and electrocardiographic manifestations.

The article discusses aspects of complex pathology – differential diagnosis of lesions of intervertebral discs of the lumbar spine and femoral nerve neuropathy. Assessment of patient complaints, careful collection of anamnesis, interpretation of clinical and neurological examination data, instrumental diagnostic data such as MRI, MSCT, and neurophysiological studies allows you to establish an accurate diagnosis and choose the most effective treatment method.

Introduction. Fractures of middle and upper part of the fibula combined with syndesmosis rupture is a subtype of malleolar fracture, characterized by technical difficulties in reposition and fixation, and often bad prognosis. Goal.

The goal of our research was to make an analysis of the literature, related to the problem of fixation of syndesmosis rupture in conjunction with fractures of middle and upper part of the fibula, and to represent case series of such patients treated with our method - combined syndesmosis screw and suture-button.

Materials and methods. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews CyberLeninka. Also we treat 3 patients with our method – combined syndesmosis screw and suture-button, and analyse short-term, middle-term and long term results of such treatment strategy. Results. Analysis of literature revealed that isolated use of suture button in situation of fixation of syndesmosis rupture in conjunction with fractures of middle and upper part of the fibula, do not provide stabilization of fibula in cranio-caudal and saggital plane. In such cases combined syndesmosis screw and suture-button usage could be beneficial. In our small case series we get good to excelent results.

Discussion. Until now there is no consensus regarding best treatment option for syndesmosis rupture in conjunction with fractures of middle and upper part of the fibula. This type of fracture is accompanied by multi-directional instability of the distal fibula. Isolated usage of syndesmosis screw and suture-button has a number of restrictions.

Conclusion. Сombined syndesmosis screw and suture-button usage could improve the results of treatment in such category of patients, hasten rehabilitation, provide better functional result, and decrease risk of complications.

Introduction. In the structure of urgent pathology diseases, the leading place belongs to acute pancreatitis, which is the third most common after acute appendicitis and acute cholecystitis. According to statistical data, mild forms of acute pancreatitis account for 84.7%.

The aim of the work is to demonstrate a clinical case of recurrent abdominal syndrome occurring under the gastroesophageal mask of acute pancreatitis in order to identify hernia of the esophageal orifice of the diaphragm using the developed diagnostic algorithm.

Object and methods. Patient M., 56 years old, repeatedly sought medical help with recurrent abdominal syndrome in a network of polyclinics, as well as a hospital providing emergency specialized medical care. Results and discussion. Against the background of conservative treatment, the patient had a short-term positive dynamics characteristic of a mild form of acute pancreatitis. After taking the patient to the dispensary and conducting an indepth diagnostic examination according to the algorithm developed by our group of researchers, gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia of the esophageal orifice of the diaphragm was detected.

Conclusion. Patients with recurrent abdominal pain syndrome need dispensary observation on an outpatient basis to identify other pathology occurring under the guise of acute pancreatitis and adequate treatment.

Relevance. The pilonidal cyst of the coccyx is a narrow channel lined with epithelium containing hair follicles, sebaceous glands, which opens on the skin of the interdigital fold more often with one or more punctate openings. The question of the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease is still controversial. The development of methods of surgical treatment of this disease began in the middle of the XIX century, during which time a huge number of options for interventions were proposed, but to date there is no single approach to the surgical treatment of pilonidal disease.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the results of treatment of pilonidal coccyx cyst with a new surgical method.

Material and methods. The article describes the author's method of surgical treatment of a pilonidal cyst, protected by patent RU 2,760,094. Early and longterm treatment results are presented.

Results. When using a new method of surgical treatment of pilonidal coccyx cyst, the time of wound epithelialization, inpatient bed-day and time of disability of patients decrease, the percentage of postoperative complications decreases, the cosmetic result of surgery and the quality of life of patients significantly improve.

Conclusions. A new surgical method for the treatment of pilonidal coccyx cyst improves the quality of life and reduces the risk of recurrence.

Relevance. Considering the high incidence of stroke in the post-pandemic period COVID-19, it is necessary to carry out a set of rehabilitation measures for these patients aimed at their integration into society. One of the most common consequences of a stroke is cognitive deficit and psycho-emotional lability. Among the psychotherapeutic methods for correcting these disorders, art therapy has become widespread.

Purpose of the study: to evaluate the effectiveness of the art therapy method in correcting the psycho-emotional state of patients who suffered stroke at the stage of medical rehabilitation.

Object and methods. The study involved 110 patients who had suffered stroke, randomized into 2 groups using art therapy and humanistic psychotherapy. The assessment was carried out using the MMSE and HADS test.

Results. The results obtained indicate the advantage of art therapy in correcting the psycho-emotional state of patients; however, this type of psychotherapy does not affect the dynamics of cognitive functions in patients with stroke.

Conclusions. Art therapy is one of the most optimal methods of psychological correction, the psycho-emotional state of patients with stroke and does not affect cognitive functions. In the rehabilitation of patients with stroke, it is necessary to combine various methods of psychotherapy.

Introduction. Simulation is a teaching, and learning technique that amplifies real experiences with guided experiences in clinical practice. Clinical simulation learning as an educational tool is recommended in the clinical officers’ training. Upon entry into the workforce, clinicians are expected to respond to a range of clinical situations they may not have experienced during their training. To assess the simulation models used in clinical teaching on skills and performance.

Materials and Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 317 clinical medicine students attending the skills laboratory. After collecting the information from the questionnaires, the data analysis was analyzed via SPSS software with a significant p < 0.05.

Results. Out of 317 students, 41.4% were female, and 58.6% were male. A multiple linear regression was fitted to assess the simulation models used in clinical teaching on skills and performance. The overall model explained 62.9% variation of Skills and performance, and it was significantly useful in explaining Skills and performance, F(2, 299) = 54.936, p < 0.05. With the one-unit increase in simulation models, the Skills and performance increased by 0.111, which was found to be a significant change, t(299) =4.007, p < 0.05.

Conclusion. The simulation models used in clinical learning experiences exposed students to critical thinking and increased their clinical judgment.

Relevance. The study of emerging complications in the orthopedic treatment of patients using various designs of removable dentures is one of the relevant topics. In this regard, silver nanoparticles are currently being widely studied, due to their wide spectrum of action and physico-chemical properties.

Objective: to determine the frequency of complications in patients with removable acrylic prosthetic structures with silver nanoparticles included, depending on the types and localization of prostheses.

Object and methods. 58 patients (mean age 60.6±3.14 years) with partial and complete adentia were examined. The condition of the oral mucosa was assessed according to the Supple classification, the toothless upper jaw – according to the Schroeder classification, the toothless lower jaw – according to the Keller classification. Prostheses made on the basis of acrylic plastic Fluorax were used. 0.01–0.03 wt was injected into the acrylic polymer.% nanocrystalline silver.

Conclusion. The most common complications are: loss of retention of the prosthesis, discomfort and pain associated with subsequent ulceration. There were no significant differences in determining the chance of complications depending on the type of prosthesis.

Diagnosis of breast cancer remains a largely unsolved problem, despite the introduction of screening programs. Recently, magnetic resonance imaging has become more often used not only as a clarifying method, but also as a primary method for diagnosing breast cancer. Unified assessment systems have been developed as tools to assist in decision-making based on the results of radiation examination of the mammary glands: BI-RADS and Kaiser. The BI-RADS score provides a systematic approach to the description of breast images of various modalities. The Kaiser system, on the contrary, is highly specialized and is suitable for interpreting magnetic resonance imaging data only.

Purpose. To determine the agreement of experts in assessing breast condition using the BI-RADS and Kaiser scales.

Object and methods. We examined 40 patients (average age 45 years), we analyzed 87 neoplasms and areas of changes. The studies were performed on a magnetic resonance imaging scanner with a magnetic field of 1.5 T with appropriate scanning protocols, the results were assessed by independent experts with and without experience. Spearman's correlation analysis and Kendall's coefficient of concordance were used to analyze the results.

Results. Spearman's correlation showed a relationship between BI-RADS scores and Kaiser in the inexperienced rater. The agreement between experts was higher when using the Kaiser system - 0.66, using the BI-RADS scale – 0.53.

Conclusion. The lack of correlation between BI-RADS and Kaiser scores in an experienced examiner suggests a significant contribution of specific magnetic resonance features. The agreement between experts using the Kaiser system is higher than when using the BI-RADS scale.

Background. Recently, multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques have been developed to stratify clinically significant changes in chronic liver diseases (CLD). The advantage of multiparametric MRI is the visualization of the entire organ to eliminate the variability of the results during biopsy and the assessment of the quantitative characteristics of individual parameters of the liver parenchyma. A relatively new direction is the use of multiparametric MRI for the diagnosis of CLD with quantitative determination of fat, iron and fibrous changes in the liver parenchyma.

Aim. To develop a multiparametric MRI technique for the quantitative assessment of biomarkers in CLD.

Object and methods. A multiparametric MR study was performed in 57 patients with CLD using various pulse sequences.

Conclusion. The article reflects the developed multiparametric MRI technique for quantifying biomarkers in CLD, based on data of which it is possible to abandon invasive interventions in the process of diagnosis and monitoring the response to treatment.

Introduction. Radiomics is a rapidly developing field in oncology visualization aimed at searching for prognostically effective imaging features associated with specific genetic events that determine various characteristics of the disease course. According to numerous studies, the presence of IDH mutations in glial tumors determines a longer overall survival. Despite the fact that biopsy is considered to be the «gold standard» for brain tumors differential diagnosis, it is though quite difficult to perform due to the complexity of surgical access, common cases of the repeat procedure impossibility, serious complications and mortality.

Aim: a search for imaging features providing prognostic data on the presence of certain mutations and gene expression in gliomas, obtained using traditional pulse sequences and characterized by the absence of restrictions on applicability depending on the tumors visible morphological features.

Material and methods: retrospective analysis of 49 eligible patients' primary brain MRI data between 2021 and 2023 from Almazov National Medical Research Centre (n = 31) and Napalkov Oncological Centre (n = 18) with glial tumors and subsequently identified status of the target variable; preprocessing of MR images using the histogram matching; regions of interest determination and semi-automated slice-by-slice segmentation with subsequent extraction of radiomics features; search for predictive radiomics features regarding the status of target variable using statistical analysis tools.

Results. Dependence Entropy was found to be highly effective as a predictor of IDH mutations (area under the ROC-curve – 0.766 [0.627–0.880]).

Conclusions. We determined a target variable for the development of a predictive model (IDH status), a pulse sequence (T2-Tirm), a tool for initial imaging data preprocessing (histogram matching), regions of interest (tumor-associated T2-Tirm-hyperintensity including cystic and/or necrotic lesions). As a result, a statistically significant relationship between the Dependence Entropy feature and IDH status of glial tumors was found. In the course of further work it is planned to increase the size of a database, improve the accuracy of the existing statistical model, search for relevant radiomic features extracted using other traditional pulse sequences, create a comprehensive predictive radiogenomics model and develop a software.

This literature review aims to acquaint readers with current radiological diagnostic methods utilized in detecting intestinal malrotation in newborns. The review incorporates 28 sources published from 2001 to 2021, examining radiological diagnostic methods both individually and in combination. Article selection was conducted from open-access scientific medical journals and references cited in the primary sources. The review encompasses studies highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of various techniques, with a specific focus on the potential substitution of the radiological method with ultrasound. Despite the benefits and well-established application techniques of the latter, based on the opinions of different authors, it can be concluded that a complete abandonment of the radiological method involving contrast agents is not currently feasible.